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ASI > Sparkling Wine > Flashcards

Sparkling Wine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main methods of making sparkling wine

A
  1. methode chapenoise
  2. transfer method
  3. thank method
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2
Q

name 4 examples of sparkling wines made with methode champenoise

A
  1. champagne
  2. cremant
  3. cava
  4. Franciacorta
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3
Q

what is transfer method used for

A
  • small format bottles, e.g., 187 ml

- large format bottles (bigger than magnums)

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4
Q

name 3 examples of tank method sparkling wine

A

1 prosecco

  1. lambrusco
  2. moscato d’Asti
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5
Q

what are the similarities and differences between transfer method and methode champenoise wines

A

similarity:

  • both are made the same way up though the step of yeast autolysis
    differences:
  • transfer method wines are emptied into pressurised tanks to be filtered, dosages, and then rebottles into their small or large formats
  • methode champenoise wines remain in the same bottle until they’re consumed
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6
Q

in tank method, secondary fermentation takes place in a …

A

pressurized tank

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7
Q

in methode champenoise, secondary fermentation takes place in …

A

the same bottle in which it will later be sold

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8
Q

what is the order of steps for methode champenoise AFTER the base wine has been bottled?

A
  1. triage added (sugar + yeast to ignite secondary fermentation)
  2. secondary fermentation
  3. autolysis
  4. riddling
  5. disgorgement
  6. dosage
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9
Q

what is the order of steps for transfer method AFTER the base wine has been bottled

A
  1. triage added (sugar + yeast to ignite secondary fermentation)
  2. secondary fermentation
  3. autolysis
  4. bottles emptied into pressurised thanks
  5. filtration
  6. dosage
  7. rebottled

note there is no riddling in the transfer method

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10
Q

what is the order of steps for tank method AFTER the base wine has been moved sealed in a pressurised tank?

A
  1. triage added (sugar + yeast added to ignite secondary fermentation)
  2. secondary fermentation
  3. (short lees ageing, if any)
  4. Filtered under pressure
  5. Dosage under pressure
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11
Q

what are some benefits to making wines using methode champenoise

A
  • extended lees contact

- more pronounced lees aromas/ flavors (bread, biscuit)

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12
Q

what are some benefits to making wines using transfer method

A
  • autolytic flavors from lees contact (bread, biscuit)

- no riddling

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13
Q

what are some benefits to making wines using Tank method?

A
  • cheaper than transfer and champenoise methods – no riddling, no disgorgement
  • quicker, too – fermentation finishes in 4-5 days
  • best method for semi-aromatic/ aromatic grapes, e.g. riesling
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14
Q

French sparkling wines made using methode champenoise that come from outside of the champagne region take the term …

A

cremant

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15
Q

cremants must use the term … … instead of methode champenoise on their labels.

A

methode classique

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16
Q

name 3 cremates of france

A
  1. Crémant de loire
  2. Crémant d’Alsace
  3. Crémant de Bourgogne
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17
Q

name 4 sparkling wines from Italy

A
  1. Franciacorta DOCG
  2. Asti DOCG
  3. prosecco
  4. lambrusco
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18
Q

name 3 sparkling wines from italy made using tank method

A
  1. asti DOCG
  2. prosecco
  3. lambrusco
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19
Q

what is Italy’s most famous sparkling wine made using methode champenoise

A

Franciacorta DOCG

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20
Q

moscato d’asti comes from which region in italy

A

piedmont

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21
Q

prosecco is from which region in italy

A

piedmont

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22
Q

prosecco is from which region in italy

A

veneto

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23
Q

lambrusco is from which region in italy

A

Emilia- romagna

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24
Q

Franciacorta is from which region in italy

A

lombardy

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25
Q

Franciacorta DOCG is made using methode champenoise, but the Italians put other terms on their labels indicating that it was made the same way as champagne. what are those terms

A
  • metode classico

- methodo tradizionale

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26
Q

what are the 3 grapes used to make franciacorta docg

A
  1. chardonnay
  2. pinot nero (pinot noir)
  3. pinot bianco
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27
Q

what are the 3 grapes of cava

A
  1. macabeo
  2. parellada
  3. xarel-lo
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28
Q

cava is made in which region of Spain

A

catalonia

fun fact: cava country is only a ~ 40 minute drive from downtown Barcelona

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29
Q

what are the 3 main grape varietals used to make champagne

A
  1. chardonnay
  2. pinot noir
  3. pinot meunier
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30
Q

where is the region of champagne located in relation to paris

A

~ 90 miles (144 km) northeast of paris

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31
Q

what is the climate of champagne?

does anything influence this climate?

A

cool continental

the Atlantic Ocean has been known to influence the region

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32
Q

on what parallel is the champagne region located

A

49th parallel

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33
Q

what are the soils of champagne

A
  1. chalk
  2. limestone

it is not uncommon to find fossils from ancient sea beds in the soils of champagne.

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34
Q

what 2 benefits do champagne winegrowers have with their limestone and chalk soils

A
  1. they’re permeable with good drainage; roots can grow quite deep
  2. they retain a fairly constant temperature throughout the year
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35
Q

what are the weather threats champagne faces

A
  1. rain
  2. spring frost
  3. summer hail
36
Q

are most champagnes bottles a single varietals or as blends?

why?

A

blends.
- weather in champagne varies greatly from vintage to vintage, and the region’s northerly latitude makes it difficult to ripen grapes consistently. in order to produce a harmonious champagne from year to year, blending in prioritised.

37
Q

true or false:

champagne can be composed of many different vineyard sites

A

true
- different vineyard sites add different characteristics to the finished wine, from acidity to ripeness to fruit flavours

38
Q

true or false

champagne is allowed to be made from a single vintage

A

true
- in theory, vintage champagnes are only produced in the best vintages – usually ~4-5 times per decade. vintage champagnes are meant to show the favourable characteristics of the vintage and are never blends of different vintages (they’re always 100% from that declared vintage)

39
Q

what winemaking method is used to make champagne

A

méthode champenoise

40
Q

what are the synonyms for methode champenoise

A 
methode classique 
- term used for wines made outside the champagne region but are made the same way as champagne. 
classic method
traditional method
methode traditionelle
41
Q

what is the 1st step in making in making methode champenoise

A

make the base wine

  • grapes pressed quickly to avoid skin contact and oxidation;
  • grape must goes though primary fermentation resulting in a low alcohol, high acid, lightly coloured wine. This is your base wine
42
Q

what is the 2nd step of making methode chapenoise (after creating the base wine)

A

blending, aka assemblage

- once tha base wine is made, the winemaker will blend the different base wines (different vintages, villages, etc.)

43
Q

what step is methode champenoise comes after blending

A

secondary fermentation

  • the blended base wine is bottled with liqueur de triage, a mixture of yeast + sugar; (the triage ignites the secondary fermentation, because the yeast will eat the sugar, creating CO2 and alcohol)
  • bottle gets a crown cap (bottle cap), is laid on its side, and secondary fermention begins;
  • the CO2 created by the triage is trapped and dissolves in the wine.
44
Q

what are the 2 things triage creates

A
  1. CO2

2. (a little bit of) alcohol

45
Q

what step is methode champenoise comes after tirage

A

aging on the lees

  • as the yeast cells from the triage expire, they settle onto the bottom of the bottle;
  • the wine rest on these expired yeast cells, called lees, for at least 12 months
46
Q

what is autolysis

A
  • a process when yeast decompose;
  • these dead yeast cells release proteins and flavour compounds redolent of bread;
  • this sur lie ageing will create flavours of biscuit, brioche, and toast
47
Q

champagne must spend a minimum of … months ageing sur lie and at least … months of total ageing prior to release

A

12 mos sur lie

15 mos prior to release

48
Q

what is the name of the process that moves lees from bottle to neck post ageing

A

riddling

- it’s the first part of the process of removing the spent lees

49
Q

what is the French term for riddling

A

remuage

50
Q

describe the process of riddling

A
  • each bottle is turned about 45 degree every day to gently cajole the lees into the neck of the bottle;
51
Q

is ridding done by hand or machien

A

riddling can be done by hand or machine

52
Q

what does riddling achieve in a bottle of champagne

A

riddling results in a clear wine without any sediment or haziness

53
Q

what is a gyropalette

A

the machine that riddles sparkling wine bottles

54
Q

how many bottles does a gyro palette hold

A

504

55
Q

how long does it take to riddle the bottles using a gyropalette

A

~ 8 days

56
Q

what is the name of a wooden A-frame rack used to hand riddle champagne bottles

A

pupitre

57
Q

how many bottles can a pupitre hold

A

60

58
Q

how long does it take to riddle bottles by hand

A

~ 8 weeks

59
Q

who created the first pupitre

A

widow clique (aka veuve clicquot)

60
Q

how are lees removed after riddling

A

disgorgement, aka degorgement

- second part of removing dead yeast cells

61
Q

describe the process of disgorgement

A
  1. after all sediment has been moved into the neck of the bottle after riddling, the neck is frozen to solidify the yeast plug;
  2. crown cap is removed, either by hand or machine, and the plug is forced out by the pressure of the CO2 gas that was created
62
Q

what is the French term for disgorgement

A

degorgement

63
Q

after disgorgement, what can be added to a bottle of champagne

A

dossage

  • mixture of wine + sugar, called liqueur d’expedition;
  • the amount of sugar in the dosage determines the final sweetness level of champagne
64
Q

what makes up the liqueur d’expedition

A

wine + sugar

65
Q

what are the 7 sweetness levels and styles of champagne, from driest to sweetest

A
  1. brut nature ( no dosage / non dosé)
  2. extra brut
  3. brut (most common style)
  4. extra dry
  5. sec
  6. demi-sec
  7. doux
66
Q

what is the AOP in champagne used for methode champenoise sparkling wine made in champagne

A

Champagne AOP

67
Q

what are the 3 sub-regions of champange

A

from north to south:

  1. montagne de reims
  2. vallée de la marne
  3. cote des blancs
68
Q

montage de reims is known best for which grape varietal

A

pinot noir

69
Q

vallée de la marne is known best for which grape varietal

A

meunier

70
Q

cote des blancs is known best for which grape varietal

A

chardonnay

71
Q

what are the 2 age designation for champagne

A
  1. vintage

2. non vintage (NV)

72
Q

what are the ageing requirements for NV champagne

A

minimum 15 months, at least 12 of which must be spent sur lie

73
Q

what are the ageing requirements for vintage champagne

A

minimus 36 mos

74
Q

what are the 3 general styles of champagne

A
  1. rose
  2. blanc de blancs
  3. blanc de noirs
75
Q

blanc de blancs champagnes must be made with … % … grapes

A

100% chardonnay

76
Q

blanc de noirs must be made with only … and/or … grapes

A
  • pinot noir

- pinot meunier

77
Q

what are the 2 main types of Champagne producers

A
  1. negociants

2. growers

78
Q

describe/ define what a negotiant producer is

A

a producer who buys grapes, juice or finished wine which they bottle under their own name or label

79
Q

describe/define what a grower producer is

A

someone who makes wine from grapes grown in vineyards that they own

80
Q

list 3 special bottling often found in champagne

A
  1. single vineyard
  2. clos or mono parcel
  3. curve prestige / tete de cuvee
81
Q

what’s a single vineyard bottling in champagne

A

a wine whose grapes come from one, single vineyard

82
Q

what is a close or mono percel

A

a parcel of, or smaller area within, a single vineyard that’s owned by one producer

83
Q

what is a cuvee prestige or tete de cuvee bottling in champagne

A

the highest-tier bottling of a champagne house or producer

84
Q

how often are vintage champagnes made – every year, or maybe a handful of times in a decade?
why?

A

maybe a handful of times in a decade due to vintage variation

85
Q

most champagnes are vintage or non-vintage

A

non-vintage (NV)

86
Q

what are the top vintages in Champagne from 2005-2015

A 
2005
2008
2012
2013
2015

ASI (35 decks)

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