Sources of Prejudice Flashcards
Define ‘prejudice’
A negative attitude and affective response toward a group and its individual members
Overtime prejudice can be _______
internalized
Stereotypes
Beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups
Are there differences in response to stereotype activation?
Yes. Non-prejudice people know the stereotype of a group but they cognitively override that stereotype
Finding of the study that looked at stereotype use based on circadian rhythm
When we are cognitively fatigue it becomes more difficult to override stereotypes
Discrimination
Behavioural consequence of prejudice and stereotyping. Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group
2 subtle forms of racism
1) Modern racism
2) Aversive racism
Modern racism has three main ideas:
- Denial that there is continuing discrimination
- Resentment for equal treatment
- Resentment about concessions made to the disadvantaged
Main idea of modern racism
People who would score high on modern racism would not view themselves as racist
Aversive racism
Rejecting explicitly racist beliefs but being prejudice against racial groups. Will not discriminate when it is clear but will when it is less clear.
Why do researchers use the implicit association test (IAT)
Because people will not admit to subtle racism or racism at all since it is not socially desirable
IAT on stereotype of males and females
Easier to pair weak words with female names and strong words with male names
Although people might show evidence for implicit stereotypes that does not mean…
they endorse it. They simply just are aware it exists
Even if group creation is random…
the groups will still show in-group favouritism
Economic perspective: Realistic conflict theory
Hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources. Leads to resentment on both advantaged and disadvantaged groups
Motivational perspective: Social identity theory
People favour in-groups to enhance their own self-esteem
If people receive a drop in their self-esteem they are motivated to maintain their self-esteem by…
derogating out-group member(s)
Motivational perspective: Frustration-aggression theory
People are more likely to derogate out-groups under conditions that are frustrating. Even if the cause of frustration is unrelated to the out-group
Ex; price of cotton and violence against African Americans
Cognitive perspective: Cognitive misers
Using stereotypes as heuristics to simplify our social worlds
Accentuation of in-group similarity and out-group differences
Overestimation of actual differences between in-group and out-group
Out-group homogeneity effect
Overestimate of how similar all the out-group members are. View in-group as diverse and variable
Illusory correlations
Members of minority groups are distinctive and so are negative events. Therefore people are likely to remember negative events enacted by minority members
Subtyping
Person sees certain members that violate stereotype but maintain stereotype and state that those members are a “special case”
If people are very extreme outliers it is easier to…
subtype them
If people are moderate outliers we…
revise stereotype
The greater the example deviated from the stereotype the ___ likely it is to cause stereotype change and the _____ likely it is to subtype
less, more
Revising a stereotype is very _____
taxing
