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Neuro 3000 > Somatic Sensory System > Flashcards

Somatic Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

These are non-selective cation channels

A

Mechanosensitive ion channels (mechanoreceptors)

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2
Q

Released to signal moderate to intense pain

A

Substance P

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3
Q

Makes pain worse through spread of pain signaling molecules

A

Hyperalgesia

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4
Q

Bring info to brain stem or spinal cord

A

Primary afferent axons

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5
Q

When these are deformed, mechanosensitive ion channels open, depolarizing receptor potential

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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6
Q

What type of threshold do mechanosensitive ion channels have?

A

Low mechanical threshold. Doesn’t take a lot to open

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7
Q

Caused by varicella zoster virus which causes chicken pox. Infection of dorsal root ganglion that remains for life and infects along dermatomes

A

Shingles

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8
Q

Sensation in face carried through these

A

Trigeminal nerves (CN 5)

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9
Q

The NT for nociceptor neurons in the spinal cord

A

Glutamate

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10
Q

Block glutamate release and hyperpolarize neurons. Placebo affect mediated through these

A

Endogenous opioids

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11
Q

The cortical somatotopy map is called this

A

Homunculus

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12
Q

These are segregated in the VP nucleus of the thalamus

A

Touch and pain

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13
Q

Dull, longer pain produced by c fibers

A

Second pain

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14
Q

Projections to large areas of the cortex, more so than mechanosensory pathways

A

Pain projections (spinothalamic and trigeminal)

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15
Q

This depolarized nociceptors, thus inflammatory responses which lead to its release are painful

A

Histamine

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16
Q

How is touch info transmitted into the spine?

A

At specific levels depending on the area of the body from with the stimulus originates (build a somatotopic map)

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17
Q

Powerful analgesics, also produce mood changes, nausea, drowsiness, mental stupor, etc. Bind to opioid receptors, widely expressed in pain pathways

A

Opioids

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18
Q

Multiple types of these are expressed in one neuron sensitive to it unlike light and odorants

A

Pain sensors in pair sensitive neurons

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19
Q

Cells with similar characteristics exist in these in S1

A

Vertical columns

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20
Q

Multiple maps exist here

A

S1

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21
Q

Extreme heat or cold

A

Thermal

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22
Q

Where is crossing over in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway?

A

Medial lemniscus

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23
Q

A sensory instrument different than the other mechanoreceptors

A

Hair

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24
Q

Caused by a number of conditions like allergies, infections, cancer, iron deficiency, liver disease, stress

A

Itch

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25
Q

Enter spinal cord same as cutaneous, from the same level of the spine in the same dorsal root ganglion

A

Visceral nociceptor axons

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26
Q

Detects pain and temp, decussate immediately and run in ventrally in the tract, dont synapse until thalamus, don’t communicate with medial lemniscus (but close by)

A

Spinothalamic pathway

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27
Q

Have small receptive fields (Mechanoreceptors)

A

Meissners corpuscles and Merkels discs

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28
Q

Have varying diameters and size which are correlated with type of receptor

A

Primary afferent axons

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29
Q

Studies have recently shown this could occur in humans as seen in non human primates

A

Somatosensory plasticity

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30
Q

SLIDE 65

A

SLIDE 65

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31
Q

Rat facial whiskers that are important sensory instruments that were used to demonstrate the plasticity of the somatosensory system

A

Vibrissae

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32
Q

Primary afferents projecting to the brain

A

A beta neurons

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33
Q

Model for how stimulation of touch pathway can reduce pain

A

Gate theory of pain (Melzack and Wall)

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34
Q

Lactic acid production leads to this build up in extracellular fluid

A

H

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35
Q

Protects, prevents evaporation. Can detect dot only .006 mm x .04 mm

A

Touch, skin

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36
Q

Synapse on second order sensory neurons and also send processes to the brain

A

Large A beta touch neurons

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37
Q

Can make nociceptors more sensitive, not made by them

A

Prostaglandins

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38
Q

Can adapt firing rates after long stimuli

A

Thermoreceptors

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39
Q

SLIDE 20

A

SLIDE 20

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40
Q

Can be hairy or glabrous

A

Skin

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41
Q

These also travel in the dorsal column along with A beta neurons

A

Second order axons

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42
Q

These depolarize when stretched or deformed

A

Mechanically gated channels

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43
Q

What do adjacent dorsal roots innervate?

A

Overlapping areas

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44
Q

This map is not continuous or to scale, recent studies show that the genitals map to a location more consistent with body location

A

Cortical somatotopy

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45
Q

Type of inhibitory interaction that can take place in dorsal column nuclei and thalamic nuclei that promotes contrast enhancement

A

Later inhibition

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46
Q

This travels through the medulla, pons, and midbrain to the ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

A

Medial lemniscus

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47
Q

These aren’t simply relays, they alter info as it passes through

A

Dorsal column nuclei and thalamic nuclei

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48
Q

Free endings of unmyelinated C fibers and lightly myelinated alpha delta neurons

A

Nociceptors

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49
Q

Cross talk between these pathways occurs in the spinal cord

A

Pain and touch

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50
Q

Most are polymodal, respond to thermal, chemical, mechanical (multiple signals)

A

Nociceptors

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51
Q

Enter the spinal cord at dorsal roots

A

Primary afferent axons

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52
Q

In mice, these are each represented in S1 by a barrel or group of neurons

A

Mouse facial whiskers

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53
Q

These are slow or fast adapting (Mechanoreceptors)

A

Hair follicles

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54
Q

Inability to recognize objects by touch (posterior parietal cortex)

A

Astereoagnosia

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55
Q

Naloxone is antagonist (theoretically inc pain)

A

Endogenous opioids

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56
Q

Second order neurons that decussate and connect to thalamus via trigeminal lemniscus

A

Trigeminal pain pathway

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57
Q

Layer 4 neurons of S1 project to these

A

Other layers

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58
Q

Different ones of these detect different stimuli

A

Touch receptors

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59
Q

How are mechanosensitive ion channels opened?

A

With a force from inside the membrane, from extracellular proteins, from intracellular proteins, etc

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60
Q

Some pain meds can cause this, pain can also suppress it

A

Itch

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61
Q

Can be invoked by stimulating regions whose S1 representations border those of the lost limb

A

Phantom limb

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62
Q

Have large receptive fields (Mechanoreceptors)

A

Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffinis endings

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63
Q

Varies 20 fold across the body with fingertips being the most sensitive

A

Two point discrimination

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64
Q

Cause damage and are sensed as pain

A

temp extremes

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65
Q

Changes based on loss or increased use and can use functional imaging to study in humans

A

Somatotopic map

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66
Q

The ascending pain pathway

A

Spinothalamic pathway

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67
Q

These are overrepresented in the somatosensory map in mice, reflecting the use and importance of whiskers

A

Barrels

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68
Q

Small diameter fibers in trigeminal nerve synapse on neurons in spinal trigeminal nucleus in Brian stem

A

Trigeminal pain pathway

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69
Q

SLIDE 69

A

SLIDE 69

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70
Q

Vary in stimulus frequencies, pressures, receptive field sizes, each has a preferred stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptors of the skin

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71
Q

Have more mechanoreceptors, small receptive fields, more brain power, high resolution mechanisms

A

Fingertips

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72
Q

Par of body or world ignored (posterior parietal cortex)

A

Neglect syndromes

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73
Q

How does somatic info enter the spinal cord?

A

At the appropriate level (somatotopic mapping)

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74
Q

What are the 4 groups of spinal segments?

A

Cervical (c) 1-8
Thoracic (t) 1-12
Lumbar (l) 1-5
Sacral (s) 1-5

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75
Q

Sensory proprioceptors of skeletal muscle

A

A alpha

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76
Q

Warm receptors to these neurons only

A

C fibers

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77
Q

These project to dorsal horn and depress nociceptive neuron activity in descending pain control pathways

A

Raphe (serotonergic) neurons

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78
Q

Types of pain perceived without nociceptor activation

A

Chronic pain, emotional pain

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79
Q

SLIDE 49

A

SLIDE 49

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80
Q

Strong pressure

A

Mechanical

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81
Q

Some spots of the skin are sensitive to these, but not both

A

Hot or cold

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82
Q

Primary afferent axons with high mechanical thresholds

A

A delta and c

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83
Q

Fast, sharp pain due to a delta fibers

A

First pain

84
Q

Slowest, small, unmyelinated afferent axons

A

C fibers

85
Q

The columns of the spinal cord contain

A

Fibers

86
Q

Sensory pain, temperature, and itch

A

c

87
Q

Since dorsal roots innervate overlapping areas, what would need to happen to lose all sensation from an area?

A

All the dorsal roots would need to be cut

88
Q

Areas 5 and 7 with large receptive fields and elaborate stimulus preferences. Integrates with visual, attention, movement

A

Posterior parietal cortex

89
Q

SLIDE 11

A

SLIDE 11

90
Q

Electrical stimulation here causes sensation

A

S1

91
Q

How many distinct TRP channels?

A

6

92
Q

Above this temp, pain receptors active, not thermorecepotors

A

55 C

93
Q

Synapse on ipsilateral trigeminal nucleus then decussate, then go to thalamus, then S1

A

Trigeminal touch pathway

94
Q

Dorsal horn contains

A

Sensory neurons

95
Q

These are part of the touch system

A

Hairs

96
Q

What rule does cortical somatotopy follow?

A

Use it or lose it. More use = more representation

97
Q

Has some sensation from CN 7, 9, 10 and have large diameter sensory nerves

A

Trigeminal touch pathway

98
Q

Sensory mechanoreceptors of skin

A

A beta

99
Q

Paraventricular and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) neurons synapse on Raphe nucleus, suppress pain

A

Descending pain control pathways

100
Q

Can trigger itch

A

Histamine

101
Q

Highly responsive to somatosensory input, but no other senses

A

S1

102
Q

Thalamus projects to these S1 areas

A

3a (body position) and 3b

103
Q

Ventral horn contains

A

Motor neurons

104
Q

SLIDE 45

A

SLIDE 45

105
Q

The first demonstration of cortical use dependent plasticity

A

Mouse whiskers (vibrissae)

106
Q

Posterior parietal cortex areas that also process touch info but more deeper analysis with less mapping

A

Posterior parietal cortex areas 5 and 7

107
Q

SLIDE 63

A

SLIDE 63

108
Q

Lesions here impair somatic sensation

A

S1

109
Q

These axons also synapse in intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

A

Spinothalamic axons

110
Q

Prolonged stimulation of these causes decrease in receptor potential, release reverses this

A

Pacinian corpsucle

111
Q

How do A beta neurons travel to the brain in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway?

A

On the ipsilateral side through the dorsal column (touch and limb position)

112
Q

Mapped by S1 stimulation (Penfield) or by recording from S1 neurons after somatic stimulation, maps similar. This was done in awake patients undergoing brain surgery, there are no pain receptors in the brain

A

Cortical somatotopy

113
Q

Histamine binding activates these itch channels which are also activated by heat and capsaicin

A

TRPV1

114
Q

SLIDE 72

A

SLIDE 72

115
Q

Inputs from these spread over larger region of thalamus than medial lemniscus

A

Spinothalamic tract and trigeminal lemniscus

116
Q

Skin receptor that can be seen with the naked eye

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

117
Q

These are fast adapting, the quickly stop paying attention to stimulus (Mechanoreceptors)

A

Meissners and Pacinian

118
Q

Stimulate interneurons, excites it which means it releases more inhibitory NT to block pain

A

Gate theory of pain

119
Q

In mice, these are adjusted depending on whisper use or if a whisker is removed

A

Responses and anatomy

120
Q

Activated by methanol or below 250 C

A

TRPM8

121
Q

Cross talk between these two in the spinal cord produces referred pain

A

Viscera and skin

122
Q

Cold receptors to these neurons

A

A delta and c fibers

123
Q

Are in most tissues like bone, meninges, but not brain

A

Nociceptors

124
Q

Thalamic neurons send processes to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in this pathway

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

125
Q

Has immediate crossing over

A

Spinothalamic pathway

126
Q

Carries pain ion from head, face, and neck

A

Trigeminal pain pathway

127
Q

Differences in firing rates of thermoreceptors are most pronounced during and right after these

A

changes

128
Q

What does the CNS not know about the stimulus that causes thermoreceptors to fire

A

It doesn’t know what kind of stimulus it is

129
Q

Is a conscious awareness, perception

A

Pain

130
Q

Are innervated by free nerve endings; bending of the hair causes changes in AP firing rate

A

Follicles

131
Q

Number of these receptors and channels but not well understood

A

Itch

132
Q

Intermediate zone contains

A

Interneurons

133
Q

How does lateral inhibition work?

A

Amplification or inhibition by neighboring cells increases contrast enhancement to make it easier for brain to decode

134
Q

SLIDE 61

A

SLIDE 61

135
Q

What happens with a digit is stimulated by a spinning disk in monkeys?

A

The region of the cortex devoted to input from that digit expanded

136
Q

These are slow adapting and pay attention to the stimulus longer (Mechanoreceptors)

A

Merkels and Ruffinis

137
Q

Sensory pain and temperature

A

A delta

138
Q

A one to one relationship exists between these two things

A

Spinal segments and dermatomes

139
Q

Mechanoreceptors with nerve terminal, flattened epithelial cell

A

Merkel’s discs

140
Q

Well prescribed in maps, info enters spine at specific places

A

Dermatomes

141
Q

Primary afferent axons with low mechanical threshold

A

A beta

142
Q

Different from touch in that stimuli have potential to cause tissue damage

A

pain

143
Q

Contain C fibers and carry sensory info to spinal cord and brain stem

A

Primary afferent axons

144
Q

These rest like pain pathways

A

Thermoreceptors

145
Q

What does the selectivity of a mechanoreceptor axon depend on?

A

Structure of the ending

146
Q

Are like bands on body surface, adjacent dorsal roots innervate overlapping areas

A

Dermatomes

147
Q

What happens when a digit is removed from a monkey?

A

The neurons representing that digit in S1 responded to adjacent digits

148
Q

Central circuits not understood for itch, this is a peripheral NT we know of

A

Glutamate

149
Q

Spinal nerves pass through these in the vertebral column

A

Notches

150
Q

What do other mechanoreceptors not named do?

A

Detect blood pressure, bladder extension, etc.

151
Q

Show more cortex devoted to fingers of the left hand

A

Violinists

152
Q

This happens in our brains to an extend due to many experiences

A

Remapping

153
Q

These branch out in zone of Lissauer and synapse on substantial gelatinosa neurons

A

Primary afferents of nociceptor neurons

154
Q

Receives input from VP of thalamus

A

S1

155
Q

SLIDES 77 and 78

A

SLIDES 77 and 78

156
Q

Carry touch info

A

Dorsal columns

157
Q

This shows that receptive fields form orderly map, as in retina or auditory system

A

Cortical somatotopy

158
Q

Oxygen deprivation, some chemicals, temperature extremes, mechanical stress

A

damaging stimuli (pain)

159
Q

This is widespread in the brain (visual, auditory, motor)

A

Plasticity

160
Q

How many pairs of dorsal and ventral roots in spinal cord?

A

30

161
Q

Depletes substance P from nerve endings, but this is not thought to be its mechanism of action. It reduces pain by reducing the function of pain fibers through several mechanisms

A

Capsaicin

162
Q

Innervate face, mouth, dura matter, tongue

A

Trigeminal nerves (CN 5)

163
Q

Detect temp with specific membrane mechanisms

A

Thermoreceptors

164
Q

Free, unmyelinated axons that detect pain

A

Nociceptors

165
Q

Increased intensity, reduced threshold, spontaneous pain

A

Hyperalgesia

166
Q

Activated above 430 C and capsaicin

A

TRPV1

167
Q

These determine perception

A

Skin thermoreceptors

168
Q

Formed form 20-70 layers fo connective tissue (viscous liquid in between) with nerve terminal in middle

A

Pacinian corpuscle

169
Q

Cross talk here can produce referred pain, the feeling of pain in a different location from the actual body part with nociceptor signaling

A

Spinal cord

170
Q

The size of this is determined by density and importance of input (hand, face, tongue, and lips are overrepresented)

A

Size of cortical sensory region

171
Q

These contain temp sensitive neurons that help maintain stable body temp

A

Hypothalamus and spinal cord

172
Q

Sensory process, can be controlled by higher centers, to detect pain

A

Nociception

173
Q

Synapse on second order sensory neurons within the dorsal horn

A

Primary afferent axons

174
Q

Like pain in that transmitted through thin axons (C fibers) and can be triggered by multiple stimuli

A

Itch

175
Q

Area of skin innervated by both dorsal roots of single spinal segment

A

Dermatomes

176
Q

Each has unmyelinated axon branches with mechanosenstive ion channels

A

Mechanoreceptors of the skin

177
Q

SLIDE 29

A

SLIDE 29

178
Q

Perception and interpretation of spatial relationships, body image, coordinated body movements. Somatosensory integrated especially with visual system, with others too

A

Posterior parietal cortex

179
Q

Has 6 layers with thalamic input to layer 4

A

S1

180
Q

Have a different pathway than mechanoreptors

A

Nociceptors (pain)

181
Q

Can be as bad as chronic pain but carried by different axons

A

Chronic itch

182
Q

These axons connect to dorsal column nuclei at medulla spinal cord junction

A

Dorsal column axons

183
Q

pathways for touch and vibration different from pain and temperature pathway

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

184
Q

All sensory systems have this

A

Parallel processing of information

185
Q

This has alternation columns of neurons receiving input from slowly adapting or fast adapting receptor input

A

S1

186
Q

What type of signaling occurs through the molecules in pain?

A

Diffusible signaling

187
Q

Endorphins are these, also expressed in pain pathways, in PAG etc produce analgesia

A

Endogenous opioids

188
Q

What do different types of mechanoreceptors have?

A

Different preffered stimuli

189
Q

Most touch info processing in the cortex, located in parietal lobe, S1, Brodmanns 3B

A

Somatosensory cortex

190
Q

Pain and touch synapse on different neurons here

A

VP nucleus in thalamus

191
Q

Above this temp, normal thermoreceptors don’t respond and pain receptors do

A

430 C

192
Q

These are thought to encode the touch responsive mechanosensitive ion channels

A

Piezo genes

193
Q

A single one of these can give info about intensity, position, and duration of stimulus

A

Single receptor

194
Q

3 other types of mechanoreceptors

A

Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini’s endings
Meissner’s corpuscles

195
Q

SLIDE 14

A

SLIDE 14

196
Q

Opiate receptors are present on these neurons

A

Itch detecting neurons

197
Q

A combination of receptors is firing during various temp ranges. The brain has to decode this population of information to give us our conscious perception of a specific temp

A

Population coding

198
Q

Largest sensory organ

A

Touch

199
Q

Made by nociceptors and can make them more sensitive

A

Bradykinin, substance P

200
Q

Part of S1 that process somatosensory info

A

1, 2, 3a

201
Q

These cell bodies exist in dorsal root ganglion

A

Nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord

202
Q

This influences input via descending tracts

A

Cortex

203
Q

Dorsal column axons ascend in this after crossing over

A

Medial lemniscus

204
Q

Some channels open in response to proteases (ATP, K, bradykinin, H) - what are all these?

A

Pain signals

205
Q

Reduced by A beta fiber activity (rubbing or stimulating touch pathways)

A

Pain

206
Q

S1 area 3b connects to these areas proven by lesions

A

1 (texture information)

2 (size and shape information)

207
Q

Mechanoreceptor with nerve terminal like balls of string

A

Krasue end bulbs

Neuro 3000 (15 decks)

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