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Neuro 3000 > Nervous System Structure > Flashcards

Nervous System Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Part of spinal cord carrying touch info (ipsilateral) to medulla, neurons in medulla cross and connects to thalamus on contralateral side

A

Dorsal columns

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2
Q

This midbrain neurons have wide projections throughout the NS

A

Tegmental neurons

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3
Q

Guidance cue secreted by cells in the MZ repels the axon and attracts the apical dendrite during differentiation

A

Semaphorin 3A

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4
Q

This is fully developed in humans at birth while this continues to grow during childhood

A

Medulla fully developed, cortex continues to grow

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5
Q

In between telencephalic vesicles

A

Diencephalon

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6
Q

Has no axons or dendrites, just the cell body

A

Neuroblast

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7
Q

Allowed for the first non-invasively revealed organization of gray and white matter in the brain and the position of the ventricles

A

Computed tomography - CT

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8
Q

Towards the outside, top of brain

A

Pial surface

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9
Q

Cut to divide top and bottom

A

Horizontal

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10
Q

Scan that excites protons in the human body to high energy state with EM waves and measures radio freqs emitted as they return to lower energy states

A

Magnetic resonance imaging - MRI

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11
Q

The most superficial layer of this has few neurons (layer I or molecular layer)

A

Cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Responsible for pupil dilation, stimulate glucose production and release in the liver

A

Autonomic/visceral nervous system

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13
Q

PET and fMRIs are these

A

Functional brain imaging

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14
Q

The process of the neural plate forming the neural tube

A

Neurulation

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15
Q

Name the 4 ventricles

A

2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle

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16
Q

What absorbs the CSF?

A

Vasculature of the brain

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17
Q

The spider web like meninges layer in the middle

A

Arachnoid mater (membrane)

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18
Q

This forms the cerebral cortex and basal telencephalon in forebrain differentiation

A

Telencephalon

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19
Q

How are the factors that regulate gene expression differentially passed on to the daughter cell?

A

Depending on which plane the cell is cleaved

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20
Q

Towards the front of an animal (head)

A

Anterior/rostral

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21
Q

How are the lateral ventricles and third ventricle connected to the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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22
Q

Voluntary, soma in CNS, axons in PNS

A

Somatic nervous system

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23
Q

Forebrain neurons extend axons in 3 major systems, what are they?

A

Cortical white matter, corpus callous, internal capsule

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24
Q

Exit the brain stem and gather info and send it to head, face, and neck

A

Cranial nerves

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25
Q

Bundle of axons in the PNS

A

Nerve

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26
Q

Ventricular zone precursor cells are made of these

A

Notch-1 and Numb

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27
Q

Thickness of this is about the same in humans, monkeys, mice, etc

A

Cortex

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28
Q

Plane that divides left and right

A

Sagittal

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29
Q

Daughter cells remain in VZ to divide again (neurogenesis)

A

Cleavage in ventricular plane

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30
Q

This has many more folds in humans

A

Cortex

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31
Q

Type of cortex medial to lateral ventricles, one cell layer, involved in learning and memory

A

Hippocampus

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32
Q

This part of the forebrain also communicates with the brain stem via the internal capsule. Also has some connections to the spinal cord

A

Cortex

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33
Q

Motor spinal nerves

A

Ventral roots

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34
Q

The 6 stages of nervous system development

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. cell migration
  3. differentiation
  4. synaptogenesis
  5. neuronal cell death
  6. synapse rearrangement
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35
Q

About 1/3 of these migrate to the cortex horizontally while the others just go bottom to top in migration

A

Neuroblasts

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36
Q

MRI based neuroimaging technique that detects how water travels along the white matter tracts in the brain

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

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37
Q

The three germ layers are formed after this

A

Gastrulation

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38
Q

This has expanded by adding new areas (secondary sensory areas), can be seen by comparing the cortex of various species such as cats, rats, and humans

A

Cortex

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39
Q

Towards the top/back of an animal

A

Dorsal

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40
Q

Migration of cells is driven by this

A

Region of generation

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41
Q

In the basal telencephalon of the forebrain, it is important in control of movement by the cortex

A

Basal ganglia

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42
Q

Some are part of the CNS others part of the PNS (somatic and visceral)

A

Cranial nerves

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43
Q

The fourth ventricle is surrounded by the pons, medulla, and cerebellum in both of these brains

A

Rat and human

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44
Q

What does the protein chords blocking action of BMP in neural plate lead to?

A

Nervous system development

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45
Q

Forebrain neurons extended to and from the cortex

A

Cortical white matter

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46
Q

Daughter cell has symmetric notch 1 and numb expression

A

Vertical cleavage

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47
Q

Towards the back of the brain (back of head)

A

Posterior/caudal

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48
Q

Contains more glia than neurons

A

Cerebrum

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49
Q

Caudal hindbrain becomes this

A

Medulla

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50
Q

These develop neurites which differentiate into neurons in differentiation

A

Neuroblasts

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51
Q

Has both sensory and motor (smooth muscle) functions. Axons innervate organs, glands, blood vessels

A

Autonomic/visceral nervous system

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52
Q

The most important part of the forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex

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53
Q

Daughter cell has differential protein expression, notch 1 cell will migrate away and numb cell with remain and continue to proliferate

A

Horizontal cleavage

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54
Q

Secretes CSF

A

Choroid plexus

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55
Q

Some molecules move in this by a more semi-selective mechanism

A

BBB

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56
Q

Some neuroectoderm becomes this which forms PNS cells, skull, and melanocytes

A

Neural crest

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57
Q

Same side

A

Ipsilateral

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58
Q

Cells leave VZ migrate past subplate form this

A

Corical plate

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59
Q

Can command contraction and relaxation of muscles that form the intestinal and vascular walls (smooth muscles)

A

Autonomic/visceral nervous system

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60
Q

Plane that divides front and back

A

Coronal

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61
Q

This is involved in sensory systems and movement

A

Midbrain

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62
Q

Involuntary

A

Autonomic/visceral nervous system

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63
Q

Hindbrain structure that involves crossing over

A

Pyramidal decussation (decussation = crossing over)

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64
Q

How do most individual brain regions change in size relative to brain size? Is this always the case?

A

They increase in proportion to brain size, some parts in some species expand to a greater extent

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65
Q

Has ipsilateral control (CNS)

A

Cerebellum

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66
Q

An improvement on the PET scan

A

Functional MRI (fMRI)

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67
Q

The difference in these two fluids lies in the protein levels only. Which one has the higher protein levels?

A

CSF and blood plasma. Blood plasma has higher protein levels

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68
Q

These migrate from VZ to the MZ in differentiation

A

Differentiated pyramidal neurons

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69
Q

Part of spinal cord receiving input from the dorsal root

A

Dorsal horn

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70
Q

Midbrain structure including the substantial nigra and red nucleus involved in movement as well as pain, pleasure, mood, and consciousness functions

A

Tegmentum

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71
Q

These scans are used to measure blood flow and metabolism

A

Functional brain imaging

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72
Q

Will become the hindbrain, connects to caudal neural tube, forms spinal cord

A

Rhombencephalon

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73
Q

Cells in capillaries that help in the creation of the BBB

A

Endothelial cells

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74
Q

These cells in the cerebral cortex extend to layer I (molecular layer)

A

Pyramidal cells

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75
Q

Part of spinal cord containing interneurons, coordinates sensory and brain info to form output

A

Intermediate

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76
Q

These are markers for the telencephalon in forebrain differentiation

A

Lateral ventricles

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77
Q

What size regions develop later?

A

Larger regions

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78
Q

Anatomical marker of the hindbrain

A

Fourth ventricle

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79
Q

Towards the midline

A

Medial

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80
Q

CNS neuronal cell bodies

A

Gray matter

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81
Q

The telencephalon is rostral to the diencephalon in these two brains

A

Rat and human

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82
Q

Forebrain neurons extended to form links between the cortex and thalamus

A

Internal capsule

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83
Q

What are the 3 germ layers

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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84
Q

Drawbacks are taking several minutes to process and not great resolution

A

PET - positron emission tomography

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85
Q

Three types of cortex

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. olfactory cortex
  3. neocortex
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86
Q

Use radial processes to migrate form the VZ to the surface of the cortex in migration

A

Neuroblasts

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87
Q

Cut to divide front and back

A

Coronal

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88
Q

Posterior neural tube doesn’t close, can survive with this

A

Spina bifida

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89
Q

This is between the tectum and tegmentum and is a good landmark for the midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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90
Q

The neural plate is part of this which the nervous system arises from

A

Ectoderm

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91
Q

SLIDE 58

A

SLIDE 58

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92
Q

Hindbrain structure involved in other sensory (auditory, taste, touch) and motor functions (tongue)

A

Medulla

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93
Q

Takes several minutes to gather data, but a resolution of 5-10 mm^3 can be achieved

A

PET - positron emission tomography

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94
Q

Contains as many cells as cerebrum but has more neurons, controls movement, many connections to cerebrum and spinal cord, right side controls right side and vice versa (ipsilateral)

A

Cerebellum

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95
Q

How is the cortex assembled in migration?

A

Inside out. Each new layer is composed of cells that migrate past existing layers

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96
Q

Composed of somatic nervous system and autonomic/visceral nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

97
Q

Dorsal of the midbrain becomes this

A

Tectum

98
Q

Towards the back of an animal (rear)

A

Posterior/caudal

99
Q

Axons in the CNS

A

White matter

100
Q

This is where the neurons in the spinal cord cross over to the opposite side of the brain in the hindbrain

A

Pyramidal decussation

101
Q

Increased number of new neurons correlates with what in rats?

A

Better performance on hippocampus dependent memory tasks

102
Q

The wall of the brain consists of these two layers

A

Ventricular zone and marginal zone

103
Q

Control BP by regulating heart rate and diameter of blood vessels

A

Autonomic/visceral nervous system

104
Q

How does cortical representation change between animals?

A

Different animals have different cortical representation for different things

105
Q

This becomes that thalamus and hypothalamus in forebrain differentiation

A

Diencephalon

106
Q

How far do the meninges extend?

A

The whole brain and length of the spinal cord

107
Q

Carry sensory info to axons which bring info to the CNS

A

Afferent

108
Q

What is the CNS surrounded by?

A

The meninges (3 membranes)

109
Q

Allows for O2, CO2, small lipophilic molecules, drugs, and alcohol to diffuse out

A

BBB

110
Q

The meninges layer up against the brain

A

Pia mater

111
Q

What two things do precursor cells give rise to in neurogenesis?

A

other pre cursor cells or to differentiated cells

112
Q

Walls of the neural groove (neural folds) fuse to form this on embryonic day 22

A

Neural tube

113
Q

Information is relayed to the opposite side of the cerebellum from the 20 million descending axons that synapse here

A

Pons

114
Q

Scan using 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) labeled with a positron emitting isotope. 2-DG taken up by cells and more actives cells take up more. Amount taken up is detected and provides a metabolic picture

A

PET - positron emission tomography

115
Q

Will become the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

116
Q

Why do different animals have varying brain structures?

A

To fit certain roles

117
Q

Midbrain structure that relays info from ear to thalamus

A

Inferior colliculus

118
Q

At 3 weeks of gestation, this forms in the neural plate

A

Neural groove

119
Q

This becomes proportionally larger in primates

A

Cortex

120
Q

This midbrain structure becomes the inferior colliculus and superior colliculus (optic tectum)

A

Tectum

121
Q

General way a PET scan works

A

More active cells = more positrons = more photons = more light

122
Q

Group of axons which run together, don’t have to start and end at the same place

A

Bundle

123
Q

Towards the top of the brain (top of head)

A

Dorsal

124
Q

12 pairs, numbered by Galen, anterior to posterior

A

Cranial nerves

125
Q

SLIDE 7

A

SLIDE 7

126
Q

What is the order of differentiation?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes
127
Q

Inhibitory interneurons and oligos generated here

A

Ventral regions of the VZ

128
Q

Endothelial cell tight junctions prevent exit from capillary lumen

A

BBB

129
Q

These are used to treat hydrocephalus

A

Shunts

130
Q

The brain is derived from these which form at the rostral end of the neural tube

A

3 primary vesicles - Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

131
Q

Spinal cord axons from descending corticospinal tract which crossed at pyramidal decussation that innervate intermediate zone and ventral horn voluntary movement

A

Lateral column axons

132
Q

Physical and mental activity increases what in rats?

A

Neurogenesis

133
Q

This is derived from the walls of the neural tube

A

Complete CNS

134
Q

90% (20 million) of descending axons passing through the midbrain synapse here

A

Pons

135
Q

Divided into two sides with right receiving input from and controlling movement of left side and vice versa (contralateral)

A

Cerebrum

136
Q

This is a marker for diencephalon in forebrain differentiation

A

Third ventricle

137
Q

Towards the bottom/belly of an animal

A

Ventral

138
Q

Flat disc with three tissue layers (germ layers)

A

Embryo

139
Q

Group of axons which run together and have the same origin and destination

A

Tract

140
Q

Sulci and gyri create a major expansion in surface area (1100 cm^2) in humans brains compared to these animals

A

Rats

141
Q

These fuse with the diencephalon in forebrain differentiation

A

Ventromedial surfaces

142
Q

Type of cortex that is two cell layers, posterior to olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory cortex

143
Q

Group of neurons in a thin sheet (layers)

A

Cortex

144
Q

This is directed by numerous signals released by cells which direct changes in gene expression another cells having receptors for these. Signals are often expressed in specific gradients at specific times

A

Development of the nervous system

145
Q

The diencephalon surrounds the third ventricle in both of these brains

A

Rat and human

146
Q

Away from the midline

A

Lateral

147
Q

Arises from tufts of cells within the walls of the ventricle (it is located in the walls of the ventricles)

A

Choroid plexus

148
Q

Has neuronal cell bodies in layers

A

Cerebral cortex

149
Q

How do compounds need to be designed to treat the brain?

A

Have to cross the BBB like dopa to treat Parkinson’s bc DA cant cross

150
Q

The midbrains surrounds the cerebral aqueduct in both of these brains

A

Rat and human

151
Q

How is the fate of daughter cells in neurogenesis determined?

A

It depends on the plane of division

152
Q

Brodmann’s area 4

A

Motor

153
Q

He made a cytoarchitectural map for the areas of the neocortex that gave areas with common structure numbers

A

Brodmann

154
Q

Hindbrain tract that is a pyramidal tract controlling fingers, toes, fine motor skills; it’s a motor tract

A

Corticospinal tract

155
Q

Can cause birth defects, 1 out of 500 births, most due to folic acid deficiency

A

Failure of neural tube to close

156
Q

This has association areas that have developed more recently in the primate brain

A

Cortex

157
Q

Developed by Hounsfield and Cormack in 1979 with the goal to construct a 3D image of a brain slice

A

Computed tomography - CT

158
Q

X rays penetrate through the body and are absorbed by radio opaque tissues which form a shadow that X ray sensitive film can detect and use to construct a 2D X ray image

A

Computed tomography - CT

159
Q

All human brains have the same pattern of this and the differences are in this

A

Same pattern of structure but differences in connections

160
Q

First cells in cortical plate form this

A

Layer IV

161
Q

This becomes smaller in primates

A

Medulla

162
Q

This part of the spinal cord contains axons in three columns (dorsal, lateral, ventral)

A

White matter

163
Q

How does differentiation of the midbrain change after the initial steps?

A

It doesn’t change much after the initial steps

164
Q

Secondary vesicles that form from the prosencephalon

A

Optic and telencephalon

165
Q

Forms the nervous system and skin

A

Ectoderm

166
Q

What is between the arachnoid and Pia mater?

A

CSF

167
Q

These cells have processes projecting to the Pia that have a scaffolding function during cortical assembly in migration

A

Radial glial cells

168
Q

Where is neurogenesis seen in rats?

A

Hippocampus

169
Q

Spinal cord tracts often carry info in this way to or from the brain

A

Numerous tracts carry one way info to or from the brain

170
Q

Replacing lipids in the brain with transparent water soluble gel to visualize deep structures without sectioning (only structural, not functional)

A

CLARITY

171
Q

This is a relay center just like the midbrain

A

Hindbrain

172
Q

Becomes skin under the influence of BMP. Nervous system develops bc of the protein chords blocking action of BMP in neural plate

A

Other ectoderm that isn’t the neuroectoderm

173
Q

Forms muscles and skeleton

A

Mesoderm

174
Q

Picture in this scan formed by freq being proportional to size of field and varying strength and direction of magnets being used to allow a computer to build a picture

A

Magnetic resonance imaging - MRI

175
Q

Towards the front of the brain (forehead)

A

Anterior/rostral

176
Q

Skull and forebrain degenerate, not compatible with life

A

Anencephaly

177
Q

CT and MRIs are this kind of brain scan

A

Structural

178
Q

Ventral of the midbrain becomes this

A

Tegmentum

179
Q

Olfactory bulbs arise from these

A

Cerebral hemispheres

180
Q

Swelling of the ventricles and head due to too much CSF

A

Hydrocephalus

181
Q

What are the front of the brain and the top of the spine both anatomically? Why?

A

Anterior/rostral because the names for the brain differ from those for the body

182
Q

Two cerebral hemispheres envelop this

A

Diencephalon

183
Q

SLIDE 101

A

SLIDE 101

184
Q

Forebrain neurons extended to form axonal bridges to connect the hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

185
Q

How does CSF flow?

A

From paired ventricles in the cerebrum to a series of unpaired cavities in the core of the brain stem

186
Q

Hindbrain structure that receives large input from the spinal cord and pons, responsible for coordinated movement

A

Cerebellum

187
Q

Forms the internal organs

A

Endoderm

188
Q

Daughter cells migrate to pial surface in the MZ as a differentiated cell and cease further division (neurogenesis)

A

Cleavage in horizontal plane

189
Q

This remains proportionate in primates

A

Cerebellum

190
Q

This part of the hidbrain is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct

A

Fourth ventricle

191
Q

This scan provides a pretty good structural view

A

Magnetic resonance imaging - MRI

192
Q

First cells to migrate from VZ form this

A

Subplate

193
Q

Adult neurogenesis in humans vs rats

A

Humans = maybe, rats = yes

194
Q

Hindbrain structure that is a bundle of axons connected to the spinal cord

A

Medullary pyramids

195
Q

How are the 4 ventricles connected?

A

Lateral ventricles in middle which surround the third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct connects them to the fourth ventricle near the cerebellum

196
Q

An important really center in the cerebral cortex that uses the internal capsule

A

Thalamus

197
Q

Subsequent cells in cortical plate form these after layer IV

A

Layer V, layer VI, etc

198
Q

Has contralateral control (CNS)

A

Cerebrum

199
Q

Allows for the movement of water in the BBB from these small pores

A

Aquaporins

200
Q

Part of spinal cord projecting to ventral roots and on to muscle

A

Ventral horn

201
Q

Relay center center in CNS

A

Brain stem

202
Q

The tough meninges layer closest to the skull

A

Dura mater

203
Q

Contains more neurons than glia

A

Cerebellum

204
Q

Develops into somites which form the 33 vertebra and associated skeletal muscles

A

Mesoderm

205
Q

Performs many higher functions like cognition, perception, and voluntary action

A

Forebrain

206
Q

This part of the spinal cord contains the dorsal form, the intermediate zone, and ventral horn

A

Gray matter

207
Q

Different sides

A

Contralateral

208
Q

Will become what is also called the forebrain, eventually the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

Prosencephalon

209
Q

Encased in vertebral column, its nerves are part of the PNS

A

Spinal cord (spinal nerves part of PNS)

210
Q

Collection of neurons in the PNS

A

Ganglion

211
Q

Systems for learning, speech, sensations, cognition, perceptions, voluntary movement, integration of many modalities

A

Cerebral cortex

212
Q

This has expanded greatly in primates, humans 10x larger than in monkeys and 1000x greater than in mice

A

Cortex

213
Q

What do many signaling molecules in the development of the nervous system influence?

A

Gene transcription

214
Q

Areas in common ancestor of this area include primary sensory, secondary sensory, and motor

A

Cortex

215
Q

Cut along the midline (divide to left and right)

A

Midsagittal

216
Q

Axons which bypass the pons enter here (only 10%, 90% don’t bypass)

A

Medullary pyramids

217
Q

Scan that labels active neurons, labels the ones using more oxygen

A

Functional MRI (fMRI)

218
Q

Towards the bottom of the brain (near spinal cord)

A

Ventral

219
Q

Plane that divides top and bottom

A

Horizontal/transverse

220
Q

Carry motor function from axons which bring info from CNS to glands, muscles, etc

A

Efferent

221
Q

Cells in the walls of this divide and become several structures

A

Telencephalon

222
Q

Most primitive and essential for life CNS structure

A

Brain stem

223
Q

Works by following water movement down axons (the diffusion rate and diffusion direction) axon bundles can be traced. Allows us to estimate the location and orientation of the brains white matter tracts in living people

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

224
Q

Excellent resolution (3 mm^3) and can detect changes that occur with 50 msec, allowing for measurement of brain changes that occur rapidly

A

Functional MRI (fMRI)

225
Q

Transporters move ions, glucose, and metabolic waste out of this

A

BBB

226
Q

Brodmann’s area 17

A

Vision

227
Q

Regulates body temp, breathing, consciousness

A

Brain stem

228
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

It exits the ventricular system, enters the subarachnoid space where it is absorbed by blood vessels

229
Q

Rostral hindbrain (metencephalon) becomes these

A

Cerebellum and pons

230
Q

These withdraw their processes once the cortex is formed in migration

A

Radial glia

231
Q

Sensory spinal nerves

A

Dorsal roots

232
Q

Thought different areas had different functions, but couldn’t prove it

A

Brodmann

233
Q

Portion of NS that supplies motor and sensory innervation to structures that are not under voluntary control

A

Autonomic/visceral nervous system

234
Q

Proliferation of cortical pyramidal neurons and astrocytes occur here

A

Dorsal region of the VZ

235
Q

Type of cortex often just called the cortex, only in mammals, voluntary movement, vision, hearing, somatic sensation

A

Neocortex

236
Q

This forms a pathway for information to the forebrain from spinal cord and vice versa

A

Midbrain

237
Q

Forebrain structure with many old or basic functions, ANS, controls hormones by pituitary, body temp

A

Hypothalamus

238
Q

Secondary vesicle from prosencephalon that becomes the retina and optic nerve part of the brain

A

Optic

239
Q

This animal has a larger olfactory bulbs compared to humans

A

Rats

Neuro 3000 (15 decks)

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