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Neuro 3000 > Central Visual System > Flashcards

Central Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

Some axons of the optic tract that don’t go to the LGN go here to synchronize sleep and wakefulness with light-dark cycles and contribute to other biological rhythms

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What happens when the input from one eye is blocked from reaching V1?

A

Ocular dominance columns are lost. Activity drives structure

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3
Q

Why do perceptual illusions occur?

A

Same dimensions, brain is producing a 3D interpretation of a 2D image

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4
Q

How many layers are in the LGN?

A

6

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5
Q

This can cause lack of perfection of motion (see the world in a series of snapshots)

A

Stroke

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6
Q

Extrastriate stream of perception and object recognition, extension of V1 Parvo-interblob and blob pathways

A

Ventral

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7
Q

Crossing over of these is completed after the optic chiasm

A

Retinal ganglion cell axons

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8
Q

Have shifted orientation selectivity

A

Tangential cells

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9
Q

How is info separated in the central visual system?

A

Parallel pathways for analyzing different features of input

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10
Q

Made of optic nerve, optic chasm, and optic tract

A

Retinofugal pathway

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11
Q

These animals were used to study the central visual system

A

Cat and rhesus monkey

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12
Q

V1 to V2 to V3 to V4 to It to other ventral areas. V2 can also communicate directly with V4

A

Ventral stream

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13
Q

These neurons exist locally in all layers of V1

A

Inhibitory neurons

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14
Q

Koniocellular LGN neurons project to these V1 areas

A

Layers 2 and 3

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15
Q

2x2 mm patch of cortex containing 2 sets of ocular dominance columns, 16 blobs, inter blobs, and all 180 degrees of orientation. These are all of the computational tools we would need to analyze a specific part of our visual field. It is a theoretical model

A

Cortical module

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16
Q

4C layer insensitive to wavelength

A

4C alpha

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17
Q

These cells project out of V1

A

Pyramidal cells

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18
Q

Located anterior to the pituitary (in front of it - towards the forehead)

A

Optic chiasm

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19
Q

Radial columns of cells through several layers have this orientation preference

A

The same orientation preference

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20
Q

Part of the tectum, involved in orienting eyes with new stimulus

A

Superior colliculus

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21
Q

Respond to activity in any one of their converging input lines (any simple cell)

A

Complex cells

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22
Q

These RGCs connect to the magnocellular LGN

A

M type

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23
Q

Layers of LGN with small center surround, center response of sustained firing

A

3-6 (parvocellular)

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24
Q

Ventral stream, receives input from Parvo-interblob and blob pathways

A

V4

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25
Q

Stimulate synchronous activity in widely separated areas

A

Objects

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26
Q

Spiny stellate cells in this V1 layer make local connections (Golgi type II)

A

Layer 4C

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27
Q

In dorsal stream, these cells have large receptive fields, transient light respons, direction selectivity

A

4B cells

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28
Q

Layers of LGN with large center surround, center response is burst firing

A

1 and 2 (magnocellular)

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29
Q

V1 V2 V3 and V4 maintain these while face and object recognition areas do not

A

Retinotopic maps

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30
Q

Simple cortical cells give input to these that respond better to moving bars

A

Complex cortical cells

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31
Q

The three channels or pathways that process visual input (the parallel pathways)

A
  1. magnocellular
  2. parvocellular
  3. blob
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32
Q

How do pyramidal cells from the V1 project for outputs?

A

Project out of the visual cortex and can branch in all layers to form local connections

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33
Q

Cells in the same column have this preference

A

Same preference

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34
Q

Neurons from the LGN of the thalamus project here via this

A

Project to cortex via optic radiation

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35
Q

Left and right eye inputs to alternating columns in layer 4 of V1

A

Ocular dominance columns

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36
Q

Eye inputs are kept separate here

A

LGN of thalamus

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37
Q

What is orientation selectivity?

A

Some neurons prefer to respond to light of a certain orientation

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38
Q

Parvocellular LGN neurons in layers 3-6 project to this V1 area

A

4C beta

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39
Q

Receive input from koniocellular LGN neurons directly

A

Layer 3 blobs

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40
Q

Layer 1 and 2 cells in the LGN

A

Larger, magnocellular

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41
Q

Some axons of the optic tract that don’t go to the LGN go here to control pupil size, lens, and some eye movement

A

Pretectum

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42
Q

These 3 parallel pathways mix somewhat, each channel is not completely unique in receptive field properties

A
  1. magnocellular
  2. parvocellular
  3. blob
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43
Q

Most neurons of the optic tract connect here

A

LGN of dorsal thalamus

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44
Q

SLIDE 21

A

SLIDE 21

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45
Q

Viewed or analyzed by the left hemisphere

A

Right visual hemifield

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46
Q

Magnocellular LGN neurons in layers 1 and 2 project to this V1 area

A

4C alpha

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47
Q

Help to control the pupillary reflex

A

Ciliary ganglion

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48
Q

Layers in the striate cortex suggest what?

A

Segregation of input and analysis

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49
Q

Extracts information and some data compression (100 mil photoreceptors to 10 mil bipolar to 1 mil ganglion) and most common features are extracted

A

Retina

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50
Q

Axons from nasal retina cross here, partial decussation

A

Optic chiasm

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51
Q

Is the LGN just a relay station?

A

No, input from the brain stem shows it functions in modulating responses to stimuli

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52
Q

Neurons sensitive to shape, color, position, movement, and binocular vision are present in this system

A

Central visual system

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53
Q

Outside of layer 4C, an axon may form synapses with pyramidal dendrites from which layers?

A

All layers

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54
Q

These RGCs connect to the parvocellular LGN

A

P type

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55
Q

Ventral stream, shape and color

A

V4

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56
Q

SLIDE 45

A

SLIDE 45

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57
Q

Respond to light beam anywhere along its path

A

Complex cells

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58
Q

V1 neurons receiving a converging input from three or more LGN cells with receptor fields that are aligned along an axis are called this

A

Simple cells

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59
Q

Good at analysis of object motion

A

Directionally selective neurons

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60
Q

Composed of everything left of the midpoint

A

Left hemifield

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61
Q

Viewed by both retinas (the center of both hemifields)

A

Binocular visual field

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62
Q

Transection of the optic tract on the right side

A

Loss of the complete left visual hemifield

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63
Q

Away from structure

A

Fugal pathway

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64
Q

The world we see can be divided into these

A

Visual hemifields (left and right)

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65
Q

V1 layer 4C neurons project radially to these two layers where left and right eye inputs mix

A

Layers 4B and 3

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66
Q

Blob pathway responds best to

A

Color

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67
Q

Magnocellular pathway responds best to

A

Motion

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68
Q

Have small center surround receptive fields

A

Layer 4C

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69
Q

All parallel pathways ultimately communicate with these

A

Blobs

70
Q

Eye output layers that are ipsilateral in LGN and contralateral in LGN

A

ip - 2, 3, 5

cont - 1, 4, 6

71
Q

Layer one of V1

A

Few neurons

72
Q

These areas light up when shown a picture of a face

A

OFA and FFA

73
Q

SLIDES 51-54!!!!!!! ESPECIALLY 54

A

SLIDES 51-54!!!!!!! ESPECIALLY 54

74
Q

Right eye axons synapse in layers 2, 3, 5 and left eye axons in 1, 4, 6 in this part of the LGN

A

Right LGN

75
Q

All cells of dorsal stream and directionally selective, direction of motion columns like orientation columns seen in V1. More complexity bc they respond to this

A

Motion

76
Q

Part of LGN with input from left visual field, input from eyes in separate layers

A

Right LGN

77
Q

How do receptive fields change in size moving from V1 to higher visual areas?

A

They get larger

78
Q

The usual theme in the nervous system

A

Broad tuning and parallel processing

79
Q

Layers of LGN with center-surround fields with either light/dark or color opponency

A

Small konicellular layers

80
Q

Most of the fields in retina, LGN, and 4C are this shape and respond best to spot of light matched in size to receptive field center

A

Circular

81
Q

SLIDE 11

A

SLIDE 11

82
Q

What does info from both eyes drive in V1 layer 4?

A

Organization/structure

83
Q

These are lined up with layer 4 ocular dominance columns

A

Blobs

84
Q

There is a large variation in orientation preference in this V1 layer

A

3

85
Q

These are dominated by one pathway but aren’t exclusive

A

Extrastriate streams

86
Q

SLIDE 58

A

SLIDE 58

87
Q

V1 layer 4C alpha (magnocellular) projects here

A

Layer 4C beta

88
Q

4C layer with center surround color opponency

A

4C beta

89
Q

Six layers, 1 is most ventral, bent stack of pancakes

A

LGN

90
Q

These axons cross over at the optic chiasm while these do not

A

Nasal axons cross over while temporal axons stay on the same side

91
Q

Receives input from RGCs

A

LGN

92
Q

Sustained firing LGN layers

A

3-6 (input from p type)

93
Q

The LGN receives input from this area with the potential function of modulating responses to stimuli

A

Brain stem

94
Q

Senses shape, color, position, movement, binocular vision (3D view of the world)

A

Central visual system

95
Q

Parvocellular pathway responds best to

A

Shape

96
Q

Not yet found neurons which fire only when presented with a specific face. Would have very large receptive fields that are very selective

A

Perception

97
Q

Receptive fields and response properties of these neurons are the same as those of RGCs that innervate them

A

LGN neurons

98
Q

How is information from each eye kept separate when protecting to V1?

A

Ocular dominance colums

99
Q

How many layers of cortex are in V1?

A

6

100
Q

In dorsal stream, receives info from V2 V3 also directly innervated by 4B

A

MT (V5 - middle temporal)

101
Q

Run under Pia along lateral (sides) of the diencephalon

A

Optic tracts

102
Q

Each one of these receives some input from all pathways

A

Extrastriate streams

103
Q

How many extra striate areas?

A

24

104
Q

Theoretical model to organize our concepts of how visual info is processed. If this patch of our cortex were removed, we would lose vision over some portion of our visa space that was analyzed by these neurons

A

Cortical module

105
Q

How does the preferred stimulus for visual system neurons change as you go higher up?

A

Gets more complex

106
Q

The neurons that project from the LGN to V1

A

Optic radiation

107
Q

How do we know ocular dominance columns exist?

A

Radioactive material injected into one eye produces a black and white striped picture that has the stripes flipped when injected in the other eye

108
Q

Has a dense stripe of myelinated axons running near the surface

A

Striate (primary visual) cortex

109
Q

Most neurons outside this layer are orientation selective

A

Outside 4C

110
Q

Cells next to each other have this preference

A

Different preference

111
Q

Dorsal stream, linear motion, radial motion, circular motion

A

MST - medial superior temporal

112
Q

Major target of LGN located in the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex

113
Q

Cutting the optic chiasm

A

Produce a tunnel vision effect due to damage to the nasal, or crossing, axons

114
Q

Neurons specialized for analysis of a shape

A

Orientation selective neurons

115
Q

Receptive fields in this layer are similar to magnocellular and parvocellular LGN inputs

A

4C

116
Q

Path of cortex analyzes visual input (theoretical)

A

Cortical module

117
Q

Responsible for conscious visual perception, damage at various levels cause specific deficits

A

LGN to optic radiation connecting to primary visual cortex

118
Q

Layers 3-6 in the LGN

A

Smaller, parvocellular

119
Q

Get LGn input from parvocellular and magnocellular 4C neurons

A

Blobs

120
Q

Transection of the left or right optic nerve

A

Loss of peripheral vision on the ipsilateral side (like having one eye closed)

121
Q

Viewed or analyzed by the right hemisphere

A

Left visual hemifield

122
Q

A subset of cells that are orientation selective that respond to direction of movement

A

Directionally selective neurons

123
Q

Some run through layers 2, 3, 5, and 6 but are not present in layer 4

A

Blobs

124
Q

Ventral stream, orientation and color selective

A

V4

125
Q

The optic nerves after leaving the optic chiasm

A

Optic tracts

126
Q

What can a point of light do due to retinotopy?

A

Activate many cells, overlap, peak of distribution

127
Q

Alignment must be along the on centers of multiple cells. These can account for the observation that a beam of light in one location in a field can activate a cortical neuron, but in a different lightly angled position it doesnt

A

Simple cells

128
Q

What type of path do neurons take from the LGN to V1?

A

Direct path via optic radiation, no crossing over

129
Q

Extrastriate stream of visual control of action and motion analysis, extension of V1 magnocellular pathway

A

Dorsal

130
Q

Where are binocular responsive cells in V1 (response to input from both eyes to get a 3D view)

A

Layer 3

131
Q

Info from this stream is used for navigation, directing eye movements, motion perception

A

Dorsal stream

132
Q

Can be seen in layer 4 of V1

A

Ocular dominance columns

133
Q

How are on center and off center cells organized in the LGN?

A

Mixed in all layers

134
Q

Also called Brodmann’s area 17, V1, and striate cortex

A

Primary visual cortex

135
Q

These cells are local only and don’t project out of V1, found only in layer 4C

A

Spiny stellate cells

136
Q

Binocular cells without distinct on and off regions that may receive input from several simple cells and can be stimulated by any one of them

A

Complex cells

137
Q

Major input to the LGN is from here (80%) not here

A

It is from V1 and not the retina

138
Q

Binocular cells that are sensitive to stimulus orientation with a range of responses for color and motion direction

A

Simple cells

139
Q

Output to V1 by optic radiation

A

LGN

140
Q

All the other layers of the V1 contain these neurons (Golgi type I) that have a thick apical dendrite, basal dendrites, and project to other regions

A

Pyramidal cells

141
Q

Demonstrated the presence of ocular dominance columns by injecting radioactive amino acids

A

Transneuronal autoradiography

142
Q

Connected to over two dozen temporal and parietal lobe areas (extrastriate areas)

A

Primary visual cortex

143
Q

Did work on the physiology of V1

A

Hubel and Wiesel

144
Q

V1 layer 4C beta (parvocellular) projects here

A

Layer 3

145
Q

The projection of optic tract to the superior colliculus

A

Retinotectal projection

146
Q

Half of V1 is used to analyze info from here which creates a distorted retiotopic map

A

Fovea

147
Q

How do neighboring retinal cells communicate with target cells in the LGN and V1?

A

They communicate with neighboring cells in each to create a retinotopic map

148
Q

Forms the optic chiasm

A

Optic nerves

149
Q

What are the nerves called that leave the LGN and project to V1

A

Optic radiation

150
Q

SLIDE 47 and 48

A

SLIDE 47 and 48

151
Q

SLIDE 16 and 17

A

SLIDE 16 and 17

152
Q

Blocking input to V1 from one eye

A

Monocular deprivation

153
Q

Ventral stream, colors and abstract shapes, some respond to faces, important for visual memory, more complex than V4

A

Area IT

154
Q

Sensitive to stimulus orientation and a range of responses to color and motion direction that aren’t simple cells

A

Complex cells

155
Q

Role in mammals is to orient eyes in response to new stimulus (hear something and move eyes to focus on it)

A

Superior colliculus of the tectum

156
Q

Subset of orientation selective neurons that receive input from magnocellular cells of LGN

A

Directionally selective neurons

157
Q

Neurons which express higher levels of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase were identified in V1 and called this

A

Blobs

158
Q

These RGCs connect to the konicellular layers of the LGN

A

NonM-nonP type

159
Q

This has a distorted, not exact representation, bc the central field is over represented or magnified (more ganglion cells are near the fovea)

A

Retinotopy

160
Q

Where are binocular neurons first present?

A

Outside layer 4

161
Q

From retina to lateral geniculate nuclear (LGN) of thalamus to primary visual cortex (area 17, V1, striate cortex)

A

Conscious visual perception pathway

162
Q

Composed of everything right of the midpoint

A

Right hemifield

163
Q

Cells are usually sensitive to more than one of these

A

Properties

164
Q

Outside of this layer there is better response to more complex stimuli, but small spots of light also still work in most cortical neurons (do produce some APs)

A

Outside 4C

165
Q

Burst firing LGN layers

A

1 and 2 (input from m type)

166
Q

10% (100,000) of ganglion cells (axons of the optic chiasm) connect here that is the major target in nonmammalian vertebrates (fish, birds, etc)

A

Tectum area called the superior colliculus (called optic tectum in nonmammilian vertebrates)

167
Q

Tiny neurons between main layers (between magnocelluar and parvocellular layers)

A

Konicellular layers

168
Q

Does communication exist between columns in retinotopy?

A

Yes, it is needed

169
Q

Cutting the optic radiation on right side

A

Loss of the complete left visual hemifield

170
Q

MT and V4 of the extrastriate streams communicate directly with what?

A

Each other

171
Q

V1 to V2 to V3 to MT to MST to other dorsal areas. There are other direct connections from V1, V2, V3 to MT

A

Dorsal stream

172
Q

Major target of the optic tracts

A

LGN of dorsal thalamus

Neuro 3000 (15 decks)

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