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Neuro 3000 > Neurons and Glia > Flashcards

Neurons and Glia Flashcards

1
Q

Type of neuron with single process with peripheral branch and central branch, found in sensory glia

A

Unipolar (pseudounipolar)

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2
Q

End feet of these wrap blood vessels as part of the BBB

A

Astrocytes

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3
Q

These cells are about .01-.05 mm in diameter and couldn’t be studied without microscope

A

Neurons

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4
Q

When environment, learning, drug exposure can change gene regulation with changes potentially being passed to offspring

A

Epigenetics

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5
Q

Shortest of the cytoskeleton components

A

Microfilaments

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6
Q

Unique cell part to neurons with little to no RER, but has ribosomes, microRNAs, and mRNAs

A

Axon

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7
Q

Study of axonal transport that use GFP or other labeled proteins in cultured neurons, some confocal imaging in vivo preps

A

Imaging

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8
Q

Used to “fix” the brain in 19th century

A

Formaldehyde

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9
Q

Type of neuron found in sensory structures like the retina and olfactory bulb

A

Bipolar

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10
Q

In adult brain are glial cells like astrocytes in SVZ (sub ventricular zone) or oligodendrocyte precursors

A

Stem cells

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11
Q

The brain has large diversity in this 3’ part of DNA

A

3’ untranslated regions

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12
Q

What do more dendrites correlate with?

A

More synaptic input

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13
Q

The most numerous glia

A

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

Composed of two thin strands of actin polymers

A

Microfilaments

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15
Q

What do mice neurons show that human neurons may not during development?

A

Less changes (less CNVs)

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16
Q

Many of these are embedded in the membrane

A

Proteins

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17
Q

How do organelles in neurons compare to those of other cells?

A

Same organelles but some differences in distribution

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18
Q

What percentage of our 20k genes are expressed in the nervous system

A

70%

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19
Q

All pyramidal cells and some stellate cells are this

A

Spiny

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20
Q

Most neurons are these

A

Interneurons

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21
Q

Multiple layers of this are often wrapped around an axon

A

Myelin

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22
Q

These are motor neurons

A

Muscles

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton component running longitudinally close to the membrane

A

Microfilaments

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24
Q

How much of our total body ATP does the brain use?

A

20%

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25
Q

Many genes are regulated by activity in the brain, activity examples include these two

A

Electrical and synaptic

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26
Q

Some stellate cells are this

A

Aspinous

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27
Q

Two ways neurons are classified based on axon length

A

Golgi type I and type II (projection and local circuit)

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28
Q

Could have implications for neural function and disease because neurons with different genomes may have different phenotypes. Addition of deletion of gene sections

A

CNVs

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29
Q

What can change in a cell during development leading to specific sets of transcripts?

A

Changes in cells transcriptome

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30
Q

Line the ventricles (secrete CSF), direct cell migration during development

A

Ependymal cells

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31
Q

This is mediated by chemical NTs

A

Synaptic transmission

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32
Q

A type of MAPS protein found in paired helical filaments seen in AD tangles

A

Tau

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33
Q

Cytoskeleton component running axially and radially and have a +/- polarity

A

Microfilaments

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34
Q

Cells that can already be in location of need or migrate in to location of need

A

Microglia

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35
Q

These cytoplasmic structures are often associated with other proteins (MAPS)

A

Microtubules

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36
Q

Some are covered with spines and can change structure depending on type and amount of synaptic input

A

Dendrites

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37
Q

What forms the tripartate synapse?

A

Axon, dendrite, and astrocytes

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38
Q

Glioma brain tumors often due to these and are hard to remove due to many projections

A

Astrocytes

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39
Q

Cytoskeleton component running 100um in length axially

A

Neurofilaments

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40
Q

These are primary sensory neurons

A

Skin and retina

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41
Q

This organelle is about 5-10 um in size and surrounded by its own membrane

A

Nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane

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42
Q

Are a lot of neuron genes expressed in other cells as well?

A

Yes

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43
Q

The beginning of axons with no ribosomes and little organelles. Acts as gatekeeper

A

Axon hillock

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44
Q

Cytoskeleton component 10nm in diameter known as intermediate filaments in other cells

A

Neurofilaments

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45
Q

SLIDE 69

A

SLIDE 69

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46
Q

Believed that neurites were all connected like a big net

A

Golgi

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47
Q

Study of axonal transport that used ligature to block transport to discoed flow axoplasmic transport

A

Accumulation - Weiss

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48
Q

Why aren’t Nodes of Ranvier myelinated?

A

VG Na+ channels are there for saltatory conduction

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49
Q

Neurons that extend between brain regions, have long axons, and are many pyramidal cells

A

Golgi type I neurons (projection)

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50
Q

How does speed depend on axon diameter?

A

Thicker = faster

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51
Q

These are about 350nm in length, run axially, and have +/- polarity

A

Microtubules

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52
Q

The 5nm thickness of a neuronal membrane always ions to do what?

A

Inside and outside ions can interact

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53
Q

These are stem cells that can produce other oligodendrocytes and some astrocytes

A

Polydendrocytes

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54
Q

Some of these are developed in brain development and adults over 70 have less of these

A

CNV postive neurons

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55
Q

Believed the nervous system was made up of individual cells which communicated by contact

A

Cajal

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56
Q

Stain that only allows us to count the number of neurons bc it stains cell bodies, it isn’t 3D

A

Nissil stain

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57
Q

Are all neuron genomes the same as each other?

A

No, they differ

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58
Q

Of the 70% of the 20k genes expressed in the nervous system, how many are in all cells and how many are just in the brain

A

8000 all and 6000 brain

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59
Q

Neurons that connect to neurons in the vicinity, have short axons, and are stellate neurons

A

Golgi type II neurons (local circuit)

60
Q

Stain that labels axons, dendrites, somas, and provided a 3D structure

A

Golgi stain

61
Q

Collection of all branches that extend from the soma

A

Dendritic tree

62
Q

Dynein transports macromolecules in vesicles, pinocytotic, endocytotic, and old mitochondria from the end to the cell body along microtubules. 1 speed, fast 50-250mm/day

A

Retrograde transport

63
Q

Motor proteins in anterograde and retrograde transport

A 
Ant = kinesis
Ret= dynein
64
Q

Axonal transport 400-1000mm/day, carried in vesicles, membranous organelles and associated proteins

A

Fast axoplasmic transport

65
Q

This method can be used to quantify expression of specific RNAs

A

Large scale RNA sequencing

66
Q

Mutants of these have slower APs

A

Neurofilaments

67
Q

Why is it difficult to quantify exact numbers of neurons and glia?

A

There are so many with so many connections

68
Q

What type of neuron is a pyramidal cell?

A

Multipolar

69
Q

Glia between neurons (20nm between them and neuron)

A

Astrocytes

70
Q

Two types of neurites on a neuron

A

One axon and many dendrites

71
Q

Releases gliotransmitters (like glutamate) that modify neuronal signaling at the Tripartate Synapse

A

Astrocytes

72
Q

How is the nervous system actually composed?

A

Individual cells that communicate at synapses without contact except electrical synapses

73
Q

Large amounts of ER are in neurons, also known as what?

A

Nissil bodies

74
Q

Study of axonal transport that followed movement of labelled molecules and discovered fast axoplasmic

A

Pulse labeling - Grafstein

75
Q

Proposed cell theory (all tissues made of cells) but wasn’t sure if it applied to the nervous system

76
Q

This dendrite structure contains actin (microfilaments) and microtubules

77
Q

Where are proteins sorted to in neurons and what does the sorting?

A

Sorted to axons, dendrites, or soma by the Golgi

78
Q

Another name for the cell body of a neuron

A

Soma, perikaryon

79
Q

What type of neuron is a dorsal root ganglion neuron?

80
Q

Derived mostly from hematopoietic stem cells (in the blood) and act as an immune system. Could also arise from precursor cells

81
Q

Not the terminus of an axon, but a synapse in passing a dendrite

A

Boutons en passant

82
Q

Ends of axons that can form arbors (many short branches) with no microtubules, many synaptic vesicles, many proteins and mitochondria

A

Axon terminal or terminal bouton

83
Q

Is there more RER in neurons or glia or other cells of the body?

A

More in neurons by a lot

84
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin protein (they are a polymer of tubulin)

85
Q

The protein composition of these 4 neuron parts differ

A

Soma, axon, dendrite, membrane

86
Q

In peripheral nervous system, myelinates single axons (every internode region by one)

A

Schwann cells

87
Q

Myelinating these glial cells continue long after birth

A

Oligodnedrocytes and Schwann cells

88
Q

What is wrong with the normal color of the brain for studying it?

A

Cream colored, cant see cells

89
Q

Walked down cell body to end on microtubules by kinesis that uses ATP. Has 2 different speeds

A

Anterograde transport

90
Q

These are 1 um to 25 um in diameter or 1mm in squid

91
Q

These are often found under dendritic spines

A

Polyribosomes and mRNA

92
Q

Cytoskeleton component often seen at synaptic terminals and dendritic spines (transport)

A

Microfilaments

93
Q

Neurons contain many of these organelles

A

Mitochondria

94
Q

In brain and spinal cord, myelinate several axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

95
Q

One of several methods used to identify unique gene expression in different brains or in different regions of the same brain

A

DNA microarrays (well plate with green or red to represent more gene expression in one or yellow to represent equal)

96
Q

What is tubulin?

A

A protein that can add or remove tubulins from itself to lengthen or shorten and makes up microtubules

97
Q

These can be regenerated if injured bc some act as stem cells

A

Myelinating glia (oligo and Schwann)

98
Q

These structures of the cytoskeleton are involved in long range axoplasmic transport

A

Microtubules

99
Q

Machine that makes thin slices of the brain so it can be studied

100
Q

Many drugs and chemicals act here and malfunctions are responsible for many mental disorders

101
Q

More of these glia are in humans than rats and they are larger and more ramified (more projections)

A

Astrocytes

102
Q

How many NTs are there?

A

More than 100

103
Q

After axons cut, death distal to injury was an early clue that transport occurs (anterograde degeneration)

A

Wallerian degeneration

104
Q

Is actin static?

A

No, they can lengthen or shorten

105
Q

Remove debris (phagocytosis), release cytokines, may be activated in response to stroke or brain trauma, may also be involved in pruning or reigning circuits

106
Q

Contain microtubules, microfilaments, and some neurofilaments

107
Q

Has less of the brain mass but the majority of neurons

A

Cerebellum

108
Q

What do different type so neurons express?

A

Specific sets of transcripts

109
Q

This organelle is widespread in the cytoplasm and presynaptic region (ends of axons)

A

Mitochondria

110
Q

These can be 1mm or over a meter long

111
Q

Contain NT receptors and use NTs (glia)

A

Astrocytes

112
Q

Stain that stains all parts of a neuron but not all neurons

A

Golgi stain

113
Q

What may account for why some transport is slower than others?

A 
Fast = stays on whole time
slow = hopping on and off
114
Q

What are two types of CNVs?

A

Aneuploid (rare) and subchromosomal

115
Q

Their size allows them to interact with around 2 million neurons

A

Astrocytes

116
Q

This is the same in neurons as many cells and about 20 um in size

117
Q

13-41% of neurons have at least one of these

A

Megabase-scale de novo CNV

118
Q

Cytoskeleton component that is space filling but needed for fast APs

A

Neurofilaments

119
Q

This cytoskeleton component can go to the end of an axon while this one cant

A

Microfilaments can and microtubules cant

120
Q

Neuron with a pyramid shape of dendrites

A

Pyramidal neuron

121
Q

Relatively large structure (20nm diameter) in the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules

122
Q

Axonal transport 1-10mm/day for proteins of the cytoplasm (cytosolic proteins)

A

Slow axoplasmic transport

123
Q

This transport can be used to trace synaptic connections

A

Retrograde

124
Q

Three ways neurons are classified based on connectivity

A

Primary sensory, motor, and interneurons

125
Q

What are Nissil bodies also known as?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

126
Q

What do gliotransmitters do and what releases them?

A

Released by astrocytes in response to NTs and signal back to neurons and influence signaling at one or sometimes many synapses

127
Q

Where are there more neurons?

A

More in cerebellum than cortex

128
Q

Type of neuron with many dendrites, a single axon, and most neurons are this type

A

Multipolar

129
Q

Stain that labels nuclei of all cells and also RER of neurons

A

Nissil stain

130
Q

Does translation occur in axons?

A

Yes, in mature and developing axons

131
Q

Two classes of dendritic structure in the cerebral cortex

A

Pyramidal and stellate

132
Q

This type of transcriptional control is frequent in neurons which leads to lots of proteins from the same gene

A

Alternative splicing

133
Q

Regulate contents of extracellular space, remove NTs from synaptic cleft, regulate extracellular ion levels, can divide and are the source of the majority of brain tumors

A

Astrocytes

134
Q

These form branches or collaterals (some can be recurrent - synapsing on own dendrite)

135
Q

Covered with 1000s of synapses coming in all shapes and sizes

136
Q

Cytoskeleton component that helps to maintain neuronal shape, as a result tangles in AD

A

Neurofilaments

137
Q

This type of control is more complex in neurons than other cells

A

Transcriptional control

138
Q

Cytoskeleton component with no polarity and are not transport tracks

A

Neurofilaments

139
Q

What type of neuron is a retinal bipolar cell?

A

Bipolar cell

140
Q

How did we discover the existence of synapses?

A

Electron microscopes

141
Q

What are features of neuron cells that allow them to have more complex transcriptional control?

A

Complex 5’ and 3’ ends and lots of untranslated regions allowing for alternative splicing

142
Q

Are there more neurons or glia?

A

About equal. 85 billion each

143
Q

Cytoskeleton component 5nm thick and numerous in neurites

A

Microfilaments

144
Q

Gap between axon and dendrite

A

Synaptic cleft

145
Q

States the nervous system is made up of individual cells, as is the rest of the body

A

The neuron doctrine

146
Q

What are the long range and short range transport tracks?

A

Long - microtubules

short - microfilaments

147
Q

Cytoskeleton component involved in short range transport

A

Microfilaments

Neuro 3000 (15 decks)

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