Neurons and Glia Flashcards
Type of neuron with single process with peripheral branch and central branch, found in sensory glia
Unipolar (pseudounipolar)
End feet of these wrap blood vessels as part of the BBB
Astrocytes
These cells are about .01-.05 mm in diameter and couldn’t be studied without microscope
Neurons
When environment, learning, drug exposure can change gene regulation with changes potentially being passed to offspring
Epigenetics
Shortest of the cytoskeleton components
Microfilaments
Unique cell part to neurons with little to no RER, but has ribosomes, microRNAs, and mRNAs
Axon
Study of axonal transport that use GFP or other labeled proteins in cultured neurons, some confocal imaging in vivo preps
Imaging
Used to “fix” the brain in 19th century
Formaldehyde
Type of neuron found in sensory structures like the retina and olfactory bulb
Bipolar
In adult brain are glial cells like astrocytes in SVZ (sub ventricular zone) or oligodendrocyte precursors
Stem cells
The brain has large diversity in this 3’ part of DNA
3’ untranslated regions
What do more dendrites correlate with?
More synaptic input
The most numerous glia
Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
Composed of two thin strands of actin polymers
Microfilaments
What do mice neurons show that human neurons may not during development?
Less changes (less CNVs)
Many of these are embedded in the membrane
Proteins
How do organelles in neurons compare to those of other cells?
Same organelles but some differences in distribution
What percentage of our 20k genes are expressed in the nervous system
70%
All pyramidal cells and some stellate cells are this
Spiny
Most neurons are these
Interneurons
Multiple layers of this are often wrapped around an axon
Myelin
These are motor neurons
Muscles
Cytoskeleton component running longitudinally close to the membrane
Microfilaments
How much of our total body ATP does the brain use?
20%
Many genes are regulated by activity in the brain, activity examples include these two
Electrical and synaptic
Some stellate cells are this
Aspinous
Two ways neurons are classified based on axon length
Golgi type I and type II (projection and local circuit)
Could have implications for neural function and disease because neurons with different genomes may have different phenotypes. Addition of deletion of gene sections
CNVs
What can change in a cell during development leading to specific sets of transcripts?
Changes in cells transcriptome
Line the ventricles (secrete CSF), direct cell migration during development
Ependymal cells
This is mediated by chemical NTs
Synaptic transmission
A type of MAPS protein found in paired helical filaments seen in AD tangles
Tau
Cytoskeleton component running axially and radially and have a +/- polarity
Microfilaments
Cells that can already be in location of need or migrate in to location of need
Microglia
These cytoplasmic structures are often associated with other proteins (MAPS)
Microtubules
Some are covered with spines and can change structure depending on type and amount of synaptic input
Dendrites
What forms the tripartate synapse?
Axon, dendrite, and astrocytes
Glioma brain tumors often due to these and are hard to remove due to many projections
Astrocytes
Cytoskeleton component running 100um in length axially
Neurofilaments
These are primary sensory neurons
Skin and retina
This organelle is about 5-10 um in size and surrounded by its own membrane
Nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane
Are a lot of neuron genes expressed in other cells as well?
Yes
The beginning of axons with no ribosomes and little organelles. Acts as gatekeeper
Axon hillock
Cytoskeleton component 10nm in diameter known as intermediate filaments in other cells
Neurofilaments
SLIDE 69
SLIDE 69
Believed that neurites were all connected like a big net
Golgi
Study of axonal transport that used ligature to block transport to discoed flow axoplasmic transport
Accumulation - Weiss
Why aren’t Nodes of Ranvier myelinated?
VG Na+ channels are there for saltatory conduction
Neurons that extend between brain regions, have long axons, and are many pyramidal cells
Golgi type I neurons (projection)
How does speed depend on axon diameter?
Thicker = faster
These are about 350nm in length, run axially, and have +/- polarity
Microtubules
The 5nm thickness of a neuronal membrane always ions to do what?
Inside and outside ions can interact
These are stem cells that can produce other oligodendrocytes and some astrocytes
Polydendrocytes
Some of these are developed in brain development and adults over 70 have less of these
CNV postive neurons
Believed the nervous system was made up of individual cells which communicated by contact
Cajal
Stain that only allows us to count the number of neurons bc it stains cell bodies, it isn’t 3D
Nissil stain
Are all neuron genomes the same as each other?
No, they differ
Of the 70% of the 20k genes expressed in the nervous system, how many are in all cells and how many are just in the brain
8000 all and 6000 brain