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Neuro 3000 > Chemical Senses 2 (Olfaction) > Flashcards

Chemical Senses 2 (Olfaction) Flashcards

1
Q

G-protein linked 7 transmembrane proteins

A

Olfactory receptor proteins

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2
Q

Are GPCRs and expressed in the olfactory epithelium

A

Odorant receptors

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3
Q

Communicates with the accessory olfactory bulb

A

Vomeronasal organ

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4
Q

What are the three types of cells in the olfactory epithelium

A
  1. olfactory receptor cells
  2. supporting cells
  3. basal cells
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5
Q

Each one of these receives input from broad area of olfactory epithelium

A

Glomerulus

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6
Q

Odors produce this in the olfactory bulb

A

They produce region specific neural activity

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7
Q

Olfactory epithelium cells that are neurons (unlike taste receptors) with a 4-8 week life cycle

A

Olfactory receptor cells

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8
Q

There are about 400 of these and 200 of these

A

400 olfactory receptor cells and 200 glomeruli

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9
Q

Animals use accessary olfactory system, vomeronasal organ to accessary olfactory bulb to hypothalamus to detect these

A

Pheromones

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10
Q

Olfactory epithelium cells that produce more olfactory receptor cells (like stem cells)

A

basal cells

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11
Q

Connect to correct before the thalamus, this is different than for other systems

A

Olfactory tracts

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12
Q

These exhibit population coding, receptors broadly tuned, amount of odorant influences response (each one responds to multiple odorants)

A

Olfactory receptor proteins

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13
Q

Humans may detect these using main olfactory epithelium using trace amine associated receptors (TAARs)

A

Pheromones

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14
Q

There are many of these (1200-1400) with 2/3 functional in rats and half function in humans

A

Olfactory receptor genes

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15
Q

Olfactory receptors have 7 of these regions

A

Transmembrane regions

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16
Q

Expresses its own receptors (300 in mice, 5 in humans), different from nasal odorant receptor proteins

A

Vomeronasal organ

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17
Q

Communicates with the main olfactory bulb to detect odorants

A

Olfactory epithelium

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18
Q

Opening of CNG channels allows these to enter the cell

A

Ca and Na

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19
Q

Receptor genes are expressed in this way in the brain

A

Spread out in zones. Different genes expressed in different zones

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20
Q

Higher brain areas connect to these to help modify info and maybe focus on most important info

A

Olfactory bulbs

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21
Q

Each cell expresses only one of these, also expressed on axons and may help guidance

A

Olfactory receptor genes

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22
Q

Contain one dendrite and an unmyelinated axon

A

Olfactory receptor neuron

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23
Q

These are spread out in zones but not clustered within a zone (they all don’t need to be next to each other)

A

Olfactory receptor proteins

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24
Q

Second order olfactory neurons in each glomerulus

A

Mitral cells

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25
Q

Taste and smell integration occurs here

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

26
Q

Each receives input from only one receptor cell expressing the same receptor gene (red to red, green to green, etc)

A

Glomerulus

27
Q

Activated adenylyl cyclase leads to increased this

A

cAMP

28
Q

Ca causes these to open

A

Ca activated Cl channels (Cl leaves the cell)

29
Q

Humans can detect 100,000’s of different ones of these

A

Smells of different substances

30
Q

Synapse on glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs (2000)

A

Olfactory receptor neurons

31
Q

Different glomerului respond to different these

A

Different odors

32
Q

These receptors are called V1 and V2 receptors and are expressed in the vomeronasal organ

A

Pheromone receptors

33
Q

These located in olfactory bulbs communicate and modify input to brain

A

Glomeruli

34
Q

How many olfactory cells in humans?

A

About 400

35
Q

How many mechanisms are there for smell detection?

A

One

36
Q

Olfactory epithelium cells that are like glia

A

Supporting cells

37
Q

2nd order neurons leaving the glomeruli

A

Olfactory tracts

38
Q

This type of neuron firing pattern may represent odor qualities

A

Temporal patterns

39
Q

General pathway of info for olfactory info

A

olfactory bulb to olfactory tract to olfactory cortex

40
Q

This creates a map of genes (map of odor info)

A

Array of glomeruli

41
Q

These connect to the olfactory bulb through bony plate and has fragile axons that can be easily damaged to produce anosmia

A

Olfactory receptor neuron

42
Q

Olfactory connections go to forebrain areas involved in these

A

Memory, motivation, and emotion (trigger memories/emotions)

43
Q

The stimulation of Golf activates this

A

Adenylyl cyclase

44
Q

25k neurons converge onto 100 second order olfactory neurons (mitral cells ) in each of these

A

Glomeruli

45
Q

Tufted cells, periglomerular cells, and granule cells do this in central olfaction pathways

A

Modify communication

46
Q

Olfactory receptors on cilia stimulate this

A

G protein (Golf, only in olfactory cells)

47
Q

Odorants get dissolved in this

A

Mucus layer

48
Q

Spatial representations of odors, common in sensory systems

A

Olfactory maps

49
Q

Often requires contact while odorants are more volatile

A

Pheromone detection

50
Q

Increased cAMP opens these

A

cAMP-gated channel (CNG)

51
Q

All 5 vomeronasal organ receptor genes in humans are this

A

Pseudogenes - they don’t code for functional proteins

52
Q

Representation of olfactory info involves this, the combination of responses from many cells

A

Population coding

53
Q

A complex mixture of antibodies, proteins, and odorant binding proteins which concentrate odorants to allow us to get a signal

A

Mucus layer

54
Q

These two things determine sensitivity, dogs are superior to humans in both areas

A

Size of olfactory epithelium and number of receptors

55
Q

These receptors look like taste receptors while these look different

A

Pheromone receptors look like taste receptors and olfactory receptors look different

56
Q

How is the cell depolarized in smell detection?

A

Ca and Na enter and then Cl leaves

57
Q

These contain axons from the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

A

Olfactory receptor neuron

58
Q

This contains three types of cell and is not to be confused with the nose

A

Olfactory epithelium

59
Q

Does the smell signal fade quickly? Adaptation?

A

It fades quickly. Adapt to ignore smell the longer we are in it

60
Q

Odorants bind to these

A

Olfactory receptor on cilia

Neuro 3000 (15 decks)

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