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Neuro 3000 > Chemical Senses 2 (Olfaction) > Flashcards

Chemical Senses 2 (Olfaction) Flashcards

1
Q

G-protein linked 7 transmembrane proteins

A

Olfactory receptor proteins

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2
Q

Are GPCRs and expressed in the olfactory epithelium

A

Odorant receptors

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3
Q

Communicates with the accessory olfactory bulb

A

Vomeronasal organ

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4
Q

What are the three types of cells in the olfactory epithelium

A
  1. olfactory receptor cells
  2. supporting cells
  3. basal cells
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5
Q

Each one of these receives input from broad area of olfactory epithelium

A

Glomerulus

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6
Q

Odors produce this in the olfactory bulb

A

They produce region specific neural activity

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7
Q

Olfactory epithelium cells that are neurons (unlike taste receptors) with a 4-8 week life cycle

A

Olfactory receptor cells

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8
Q

There are about 400 of these and 200 of these

A

400 olfactory receptor cells and 200 glomeruli

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9
Q

Animals use accessary olfactory system, vomeronasal organ to accessary olfactory bulb to hypothalamus to detect these

A

Pheromones

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10
Q

Olfactory epithelium cells that produce more olfactory receptor cells (like stem cells)

A

basal cells

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11
Q

Connect to correct before the thalamus, this is different than for other systems

A

Olfactory tracts

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12
Q

These exhibit population coding, receptors broadly tuned, amount of odorant influences response (each one responds to multiple odorants)

A

Olfactory receptor proteins

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13
Q

Humans may detect these using main olfactory epithelium using trace amine associated receptors (TAARs)

A

Pheromones

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14
Q

There are many of these (1200-1400) with 2/3 functional in rats and half function in humans

A

Olfactory receptor genes

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15
Q

Olfactory receptors have 7 of these regions

A

Transmembrane regions

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16
Q

Expresses its own receptors (300 in mice, 5 in humans), different from nasal odorant receptor proteins

A

Vomeronasal organ

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17
Q

Communicates with the main olfactory bulb to detect odorants

A

Olfactory epithelium

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18
Q

Opening of CNG channels allows these to enter the cell

A

Ca and Na

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19
Q

Receptor genes are expressed in this way in the brain

A

Spread out in zones. Different genes expressed in different zones

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20
Q

Higher brain areas connect to these to help modify info and maybe focus on most important info

A

Olfactory bulbs

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21
Q

Each cell expresses only one of these, also expressed on axons and may help guidance

A

Olfactory receptor genes

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22
Q

Contain one dendrite and an unmyelinated axon

A

Olfactory receptor neuron

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23
Q

These are spread out in zones but not clustered within a zone (they all don’t need to be next to each other)

A

Olfactory receptor proteins

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24
Q

Second order olfactory neurons in each glomerulus

A

Mitral cells

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25
Taste and smell integration occurs here
Orbitofrontal cortex
26
Each receives input from only one receptor cell expressing the same receptor gene (red to red, green to green, etc)
Glomerulus
27
Activated adenylyl cyclase leads to increased this
cAMP
28
Ca causes these to open
Ca activated Cl channels (Cl leaves the cell)
29
Humans can detect 100,000's of different ones of these
Smells of different substances
30
Synapse on glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs (2000)
Olfactory receptor neurons
31
Different glomerului respond to different these
Different odors
32
These receptors are called V1 and V2 receptors and are expressed in the vomeronasal organ
Pheromone receptors
33
These located in olfactory bulbs communicate and modify input to brain
Glomeruli
34
How many olfactory cells in humans?
About 400
35
How many mechanisms are there for smell detection?
One
36
Olfactory epithelium cells that are like glia
Supporting cells
37
2nd order neurons leaving the glomeruli
Olfactory tracts
38
This type of neuron firing pattern may represent odor qualities
Temporal patterns
39
General pathway of info for olfactory info
olfactory bulb to olfactory tract to olfactory cortex
40
This creates a map of genes (map of odor info)
Array of glomeruli
41
These connect to the olfactory bulb through bony plate and has fragile axons that can be easily damaged to produce anosmia
Olfactory receptor neuron
42
Olfactory connections go to forebrain areas involved in these
Memory, motivation, and emotion (trigger memories/emotions)
43
The stimulation of Golf activates this
Adenylyl cyclase
44
25k neurons converge onto 100 second order olfactory neurons (mitral cells ) in each of these
Glomeruli
45
Tufted cells, periglomerular cells, and granule cells do this in central olfaction pathways
Modify communication
46
Olfactory receptors on cilia stimulate this
G protein (Golf, only in olfactory cells)
47
Odorants get dissolved in this
Mucus layer
48
Spatial representations of odors, common in sensory systems
Olfactory maps
49
Often requires contact while odorants are more volatile
Pheromone detection
50
Increased cAMP opens these
cAMP-gated channel (CNG)
51
All 5 vomeronasal organ receptor genes in humans are this
Pseudogenes - they don't code for functional proteins
52
Representation of olfactory info involves this, the combination of responses from many cells
Population coding
53
A complex mixture of antibodies, proteins, and odorant binding proteins which concentrate odorants to allow us to get a signal
Mucus layer
54
These two things determine sensitivity, dogs are superior to humans in both areas
Size of olfactory epithelium and number of receptors
55
These receptors look like taste receptors while these look different
Pheromone receptors look like taste receptors and olfactory receptors look different
56
How is the cell depolarized in smell detection?
Ca and Na enter and then Cl leaves
57
These contain axons from the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)
Olfactory receptor neuron
58
This contains three types of cell and is not to be confused with the nose
Olfactory epithelium
59
Does the smell signal fade quickly? Adaptation?
It fades quickly. Adapt to ignore smell the longer we are in it
60
Odorants bind to these
Olfactory receptor on cilia

Neuro 3000 (15 decks)

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