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Neuro 3000 > Auditory and Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Auditory and Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Hair cells do one of these two things as stereocilia are bent

A

Depolarize or hyperpolarize

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2
Q

Time taken for sound to reach from ear to ear, localization of sound in horizontal plane (left side hits left ear first)

A

Interaural time dealy

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3
Q

These receive feedback from the cortex and cerebellum to help fine tune how we use info

A

Vestibular nuclei

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4
Q

Detect changes in head angle, linear acceleration (macular hair cells responding to tilt)

A

Otolith organs

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5
Q

Duplex theory of sound localization

A

Interaural time delay = 20-2k Hz (compare time delay)

Interaural intensity difference = 2k-20k Hz (compare loudness)

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6
Q

Fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani of inner ear

A

Perilymph

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7
Q

What are expressed in hair cells that are opened when they bend, leading to depolarizing the hair cells and inc NT release

A

Mechanoreceptors

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8
Q

Lesion in striate cortex

A

Complete blindness in one visual hemifield

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9
Q

Pushes fluid in the cochlea, bending stereocilia on the hair cells

A

Movement of oval window

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10
Q

Pressure at the oval window pushing perilymph into the scala vestibuli causes this to bulge out and release pressure

A

Round window membrane bulges out

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11
Q

Most synaptic input of spiral ganglion comes from this

A

Inner hair cell

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12
Q

Composition similar to CSF (high Na, low K) while this is opposite

A

Perilymph similar and endolymph opposite

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13
Q

Neuronal response property meaning similar characteristic freq between neurons

A

Freq tuning

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14
Q

Present in the superior olive and get info from both ears

A

Binaural neurons

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15
Q

These aren’t neurons but they package NTs (glutamate) and communicate with spiral ganglion bipolar neurons

A

Hair cells

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16
Q

Some info from vestibular system is sent directly here

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

Without sound force amplification by the ossicles, what would everything sound like?

A

Like we are under water

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18
Q

Sound at high freq from one side of ear, localization of sound in horizontal plane

A

Interaural intensity difference

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19
Q

Columnar organization of cells with similar binaural interaction in auditory cortex

A

Tonotopy

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20
Q

Different freq band info in the auditory cortex causes this

A

Parallel processing, localization deficit

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21
Q

Low freqs use this for encoding sound intensity and freq

A

Phase locking

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22
Q

Axons leaving the MGN project to here via internal capsule in an array

A

Auditory cortex

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23
Q

What freqs vibrate the basilar membrane best?

A

High freqs vibrate it best

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24
Q

Involved in balance, equilibrium, posture, head, body, and eye movement

A

Vestibular system

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25
Q

Lesion in the auditory cortex

A

Normal auditory function

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26
Q

Med freqs use this for encoding sound intensity and freq

A

Phase locking and tonotopic maps

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27
Q

Most lesions here don’t cause deafness bc info from each ear is represented on each side

A

Auditory cortex

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28
Q

Lesions here can cause sound localization problems, small lesions could eliminate the ability to detect sounds of only a specific freq

A

Auditory cortex

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29
Q

Did research on the inner ear

A

AJ Hudspeth

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30
Q

Firing rates of neurons and numbers of neurons firing increase with these sounds

A

Louder sounds

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31
Q

This type of sound localization is based on reflections from the pinna

A

Vertical sound localization

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32
Q

Created bc endolymph electric potential 80 mV more positive than perilymph

A

Endocochlear potential

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33
Q

Send complex info to many ares to control head movement, eye movement, and stability

A

Central vestibular pathways

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34
Q

Low freq indicates what with pitch?

A

Low pitch

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35
Q

Sound force amplification by the ossicles create greater pressure at this than this to move fluids

A

Greater at oval window than tympanic membrane

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36
Q

Sensory system detecting sound and perceiving and interpreting nuances

A

Auditory system

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37
Q

Each is paired with another on the opposite side of the head for sensing all possible head rotation angles through push pull arrangements of vestibular axons

A

Semicircular canals

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38
Q

Hair cell in the organ of Corti are arranged along this

A

Basilar membrane

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39
Q

What does movement of fluid in the cochlea cause?

A

Bending of hair cell stereocilia

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40
Q

Moves a very small amount to amplify force through ossicles onto footplate

A

Tympanic membrane

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41
Q

Involve a push pull arrangement of vestibular axons

A

Semicircular canals

42
Q

Sterocilia on hair cells of basilar membrane in the organ of Corti project into this fluid

A

Endolymph

43
Q

Basilar membrane base vs apex?

A 
Apex = wide and floppy
Base = narrow and stiff
44
Q

Distance between successive compressed patches in a sound wave

A

Cycle

45
Q

Functions as line of sight fixed on visual target

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

46
Q

Used at low freqs for encoding sound intensity and freq when neurons fire to match the freq. Fire at same part of the waves

A

Phase locking

47
Q

Neuronal response property meaning similar characteristic freq, diversity among cells

A

Isofrequency bands

48
Q

Characteristic freq of neurons get more complicated here

A

Beyond the brain stem, like in the auditory cortex

49
Q

Moves the ossicles that transmit to and amplify the force on the oval window

A

Tympanic membrane

50
Q

Cells responding to different intensities and time delays are present here

A

Auditory cortex

51
Q

This causes the basilar membrane to move upward, reticular lamina upward and sterocilia outward

A

Sound

52
Q

Amplification by outer hair cells in the inner ear functions to do this

A

Sound transduction

53
Q

One of these in the inner ear has one inner hair cell and numerous outer hair cells

A

Spiral ganglion fiber

54
Q

Contain 3 sets 90 degrees to each other; gather info on rotation from moving cilia

A

Semicircular canals

55
Q

Receives input from both cochlea (both ears)

A

Superior olive

56
Q

This occurs so that hair cells remain sensitive to stimulation

A

Adaptation

57
Q

Number of cycles per second expressed in units called hertz (Hz)

A

Sound freq

58
Q

Involved in head rotation

A

Semicircular canals

59
Q

Human song freq detection range

A

20-20000 Hz

60
Q

Another name for the internal capsule

A

Acoustic radiation

61
Q

Motor proteins of outer hair cells do this

A

Change length of outer hair cells

62
Q

Are soft or loud sounds amplified more by the outer hair cells of the inner ear?

A

Softer

63
Q

How are delay lines used to localize sound?

A

Impulses from the ears reach the olivary neuron at the same time leading to summation and an action potential in that spot, where the sound was closer to

64
Q

Vestibular labyrinth contains these

A

Otolith organs and semicircular canals

65
Q

Inward flow of this at sterocilia drives depolarization of hair cells while outward flow causes hyperpolarization

A

K

66
Q

How do hair cells get hyper polarized?

A

Sterocilia bend back the other way

67
Q

Required for outer hair cell movements

A

Prestin

68
Q

Gathers sound waves and transmits the changes in pressure to the tympanic membrane

A

Outer ear (pinna)

69
Q

What is the purpose of having outer hair cells?

A

They act as a cochlear amplifier (motor protein best at amplifying soft sounds)

70
Q

Auditory pathway stages

A
  1. sound waves
  2. tympanic membrane
  3. ossicles
  4. oval window
  5. cochlear fluid
  6. sensory neuron response
71
Q

Contains three fluid filled chambers

A

Cochlea

72
Q

The function of this is to adapt ear to loud sound, understand speech better (good at suppressing low sounds and drowning out background noise)

A

Attenuation reflex (mid ear)

73
Q

Involved in gravity and tilt

A

Otolith organs

74
Q

High pitch indicates what with freq?

A

High freq

75
Q

High freqs (above 5k) use this for encoding sound intensity and freq

A

Tonotopic maps

76
Q

Hair cells are 45 mV more negative than this

A

Perilymph

77
Q

Pressure at the oval window pushes perilymph into this

A

Scala vestibuli

78
Q

Found endolymph movement bends basilar membrane near base, wave moves towards apex

A

Georg and Bekesy

79
Q

Info from vestibular system is first sent here

A

Medial and lateral vestibular nuclei ipsilaterally in the brain stem

80
Q

Middle chamber of cochlea containing hair cells and auditory neurons

A

Organ of Corti

81
Q

Two ways sound is localized in the horizontal plane

A
  1. interaural time delay

2. interaural intensity difference

82
Q

Act like a lever to amplify force

A

Ossicles

83
Q

Audible variation in air pressure

A

Sound

84
Q

Sensory system dealing with sense of balance, head and body location, head and body movements

A

Vestibular system

85
Q

Senses rotations of the head, commands compensatory movement of eyes in opposite direction

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

86
Q

Connections from semicircular canals, to vestibular nucleus, to cranial nerve to do this in the VOR

A

Excite extra ocular muscles

87
Q

Movement of the basilar membrane up and down causes these to bend in alternating directions

A

Hair cells

88
Q

Neurons have characteristic these that they are the most responsive at; they prefer to respond at certain these

A

Freqs

89
Q

How is the fluid in the cochlea moved?

A

In waves by the force of the ossicles on the oval window

90
Q

Structure of these similar to corresponding visual cortex areas

A

A1 and secondary auditory areas

91
Q

Some cells here respond to similar binaural stimuli

A

Auditory cortex

92
Q

How are channels opened by hair cells?

A

Bending of sterocilia which are connected by tip links

93
Q

The vestibular nuclei communicate with brain areas controlling various head movement and with the cortex through this

A

VP nucleus of the thalamus

94
Q

Show encoding sound intensity and freq on the basilar membrane, spiral ganglion, and cochlear nucleus

A

Tonotopic maps

95
Q

How do high and low intensity frees get perceived?

A

High intensity is louder than lower intensity

96
Q

Bending of stereocilia on hair cells releases NT onto these that transmit info through APs on a path to the brain (first place we have APs)

A

Spiral ganglion neurons

97
Q

The vestibular labyrinth uses these, like the auditory system, to detect changes

A

Hair cells

98
Q

Fluid in scala media of inner ear

A

Endolymph

99
Q

Channels in the inner ear are thought to be this

A

Mechanoreceptors (MECH) channels

100
Q

Ultimate goal of the auditory pathway

A

Taking sound waves and representing them as APs

101
Q

Response where onset of loud sound causes tensor tympani and stapedius muscle contraction

A

Attenuation reflex (mid ear)

102
Q

What are the two ways we encode sound intensity?

A
  1. firing rates of neurons

2. number of active neurons (more neurons start to fire)

Neuro 3000 (15 decks)

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