Neurotransmitter Systems Part 1 Flashcards
These drugs induce 5HT release to procure sensory enhancement and empathy
Ecstasy (MDMA 3,4 methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine, MDEA 3,4 methylene-dioxy-ethamphetamine)
This enzyme is also regulated at the RNA (transcriptional) level. Inc RNA synthesis of it occurs when a large amount of it is needed
tyrosine hydroxylase
These types of receptors respond to ACh
Cholinergic receptors
What is the rate limiting step in ACh synthesis?
Uptake of the choline
What does the -ceptic prefix indicate?
That the cell has receptors for that NT
This study uses agonists and antagonists to classify receptor subtypes (like ACh, glutamate, NE, GABA-A, GABA-B, etc)
Neuropharmacology
This is activated by new, non-painful stimuli
NE
These neurons modulate attention, feeding behavior, sleep, mood, arousal, learning, memory, and brain metabolism
Noradrenergic
How is ACh removed from the synapse?
AChE breaks ACh into choline and acetic acid. The acetic acid floats off and the choline is put back into the cell through a choline transporter using Na to be used to make more ACh
Cells that produce and release GABA are this
GABAergic
This is taken up from the extracellular fluid by a specific transporter and put back into a neuron to make more ACh
Choline
High affinity glutamate, dopamine, 5HT, NE, glycine, E, and GABA use these NT transporters
Membrane Na+
These are used by applying them to a target neuron with a pipette and observing if the same response occurs as when the neuron is stimulated
Presumptive NT
Amine (NE, E, 5HT, Dopa), ACh, IAAT (GABA and Glycine), and glutamate all used these NT transporters
Vesicular H+
This NT acts through 1 transmitter gated and multiple GPCRs
5HT
These neurons are widespread throughout the brain and work through GPCRs and ligand gated receptors. They can be found in areas like ganglion cells, sympathetic ganglion, and the adrenal gland
Cholinergic neurons
This is a Na and Cl dependent transporter protein on synaptic membrane and on some vesicles that is the rate limiting step in ACh synthesis
Choline transporter
What happens to receptors on neurons downstream from the neuron that switched its NT?
They change to match the new NT being released. They start making receptors for the new NT
This transporter has a different structure than membrane or vesicular transporters
Choline transporter
Each one of these can bind to different subtypes of receptors for it
NTs (ACh has over 20 transmitter gated receptors alone)
This drug may inc function of 5-HT1A receptors
Prozac
How can NT switching occur?
Can be due to experience/environment
How does immunocytochemistry show if a neuron has a NT or not?
Neurons with the NT will show the antibody injected for that NT while neurons without it will not
How can we test if a molecule produces a response in the postsynaptic cell (the postsynaptic cell has receptors) (3rd rule for identifying a NT)?
Presumptive NT applied to target neuron and electrophysiological response is recorded. This response is compared to the one that occurs when the presynaptic neuron is stimulated. If they match, it shows it is the presumptive NT
These are agonists of glutamatergic receptors at their specific types of receptors
AMPA, NMDA, Kainate
Most NTs fall into one of these 3 categories
- Amino acids
- Amines made from amino acids
- Peptides
This is used as a NT in the brain and systemically by release from adrenal gland
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Increased concentrations of this increases tyrosine hydroxylase activity which is consistent with increased synaptic activity
Ca2+
Treatments for some diseases like AD involve inc levels of this
Choline
These can be depolarized by K and the release of NT can be measured as a result. Ca can be present or not to test dependency for NT release
Slice culture or dissociated neurons
What does the amount of DA made depend on?
The amount of dopa available
These neurons are involved in mood, movement, attention, and autonomic functions
Catecholaminergic neurons
These type of neurons regulate pain signaling
Raphe nucleus neurons (serotonergic)
Where do serotonergic neurons originate from?
Raphe regions of pons and upper brainstem
This NT is removed from the synapse and destroyed like DA and NE
E
This is an agonist to the nicotinic ACh receptor
Nicotine
SLIDE 44!!!
SLIDE 44!!!
This is the most diffuse (widespread) throughout the brain out of all the NTs
NE
This method can be used to look at multiple RNA at once
In situ hybridization
Dopaminergic neurons coming from here are involved in motor function
Substantia nigra
What happens to a small portion of DA in the synapse (10%)?
It is degraded
Dopamine B-hydroxylase is present in these neurons inside synaptic vesicles instead of the cytosol like the other catecholamine enzymes
Adrenergic neurons
Cells that produce and release NE are this
Noradrenergic
Who coined the terms cholinergic and noradrenergic?
Dale
SLIDE 47
SLIDE 47
This type of neuron is present in few numbers but has widespread projections to the forebrain
Serotonergic neurons
Where do NE neurons in the locus coeruleus project to?
numerous structures including the cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus
These types of NTs all only use GPCRs
Catecholamines (DA, NE, E)
This type of analysis involves cloning many receptor cDNAs, DNA and RNA sequencing, and the discovery that the diversity and subtypes of receptors are larger than expected from binding and pharmacology
Molecular analysis
The activity of this is the rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Prozac inhibits reuptake of this NT
5HT
This NT is a precursor to melatonin in the pineal gland
5HT
The principle that each neuron only has one NT (often incorrect, violated by many neurons)
Dales principle
SLIDE 26
SLIDE 26
This is used to combine with choline to make ACh through choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
Acetyl CoA
Long term use of ecstasy may lead to this
Destruction of serotonergic projections