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Neuro 3000 > Intro to/History of Neuroscience > Flashcards

Intro to/History of Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Showed specific regions of brain controlled movement using monkeys and that ablation caused paralysis

A

Ferrier

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2
Q

How do we know prehistoric people knew the brain was important?

A

There are skulls that show signs of early attempts to repair the brain, so they understood the brain was important to life

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3
Q

Believed the heart was the key to the soul and memories were stored there

A

Egyptians

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4
Q

Opposite techniques that were both used to prove localization

A

Stimulation and ablation

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5
Q

Mentioned several organs (mostly the heart) but nothing about the brain

A

Bible

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6
Q

Produced detailed drawings of the brain and believed in was the controlling organ

A

Andreas Vesalius

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7
Q

Major cause of suicide experienced by 30 million

A

Depression

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8
Q

Believed in fluid mechanical theory, but that human abilities came from the mind that communicated to brain via the pineal gland

A

Descartes

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9
Q

What were the 4 humors thought to control the body?

A

yellow bile - fire, black bile - earth, phlegm - water, blood - air

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10
Q

Came up with the view that the brain was in control but through the movement of vital fluids through nerves he thought were hollow tubes. This view held for 1500 years

A

Galen

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11
Q

Thought all parts of cerebrum contribute to all functions was wrong, but did show traits don’t match phrenology though ablation

A

Flourens

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12
Q

Used to study neuropharmacological and behavioral studies

A

Rats and mice

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13
Q

When was it known the brain was not mystical and follows the laws of biology?

A

by 1800

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14
Q

When was it known brain signals use nerves?

A

by 1800

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15
Q

White matter contains these that make up nerves and communicate with the gray matter (17th/18th century)

A

Nerve fibers (axons)

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16
Q

Used to study synapse formation

A

D. melanogaster (fruit fly)

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17
Q

Described the optic nerve around 500 BC, continued to explore anatomy of brain and nervous system, and dissected sensory nerves

A

Alcmaion of Crotona

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18
Q

When was it known injury to the brain can cause death, disrupt thought, motor function and sensation

A

by 1800

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19
Q

Used experimental ablation to show Bell was correct

A

Flourens

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20
Q

Had a hieroglyph for the brain

A

Egyptians

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21
Q

Showed that electricity can stimulate muscle movement and the brain generates electricity

A

Galvani and du Bois-Reymond

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22
Q

Believed the brain was the center of mental processes

A

Plato

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23
Q

Believed the brain to be the center of sensation and intelligence, knew epilepsy was a brain disease

A

Hippocrates

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24
Q

Every brain has the same general patter of these (17th/18th century)

A

Bumps (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

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25
Q

2 million affected, severe psychotic illness, delusions, hallucinations, bizarre behavior

A

Schizophrenia

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26
Q

Provided good evidence for localization by studying patients who could understand language but couldn’t speak

A

Broca

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27
Q

Loss of nerve conduction, losing myelination

A

MS

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28
Q

Believed the heart was the center of intelligence and the brain simply cooled the blood

A

Aristotle

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29
Q

Approach that involves biology of the brain

A

Developmental biology of the brain

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30
Q

Pseudoscience focused on bumps of the skull being a result of structure of brain regions correlated with abilites

A

Phrenology

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31
Q

Approach that doesn’t involve humans but is vital for understanding human function

A

Animal behavior

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32
Q

Noticed that specific parts of the body are connected to specific nerves and sensory and motor neurons run on different paths

A

Herophilus (father of anatomy)

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33
Q

Used for early studies of the somatosensory system

A

Rats and Mice

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34
Q

What are neuroscientists and all scientists subject to?

A

The same biases as everyone else

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35
Q

Studied anatomy and published a lot on it. Thought the cerebrum was in control and described blood supply to the brain

A

Thomas Willis

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36
Q

Used to study visual system

A

Cats and primates

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37
Q

Performed dissections of humans and animals around 350 BC and observed sensory and motor nerves

A

Herophilus (father of anatomy)

38
Q

Lesions here allow people to understand language but not speak it

A

Brocas area

39
Q

Showed that the occipital lobe is required for vision through ablation techniques

40
Q

What did early scientists think neurons were/did?

A

Believed they were tubes for carrying the humors

41
Q

These people knew about brain damage but had no way to fix it

42
Q

People thought one of two things controlled intellect but had no good idea of how either functioned, what were they?

A

Brain and heart

43
Q

Different animals have different amounts of this. Clearly seen in the platypus bill

A

They have different levels of cortical representation. Bill input occupies most of the cortical sheet and there is more whisker representation in rats than squirrels

44
Q

Cut the pig laryngeal nerve and noticed the pig could no longer squeal. Concluded nerves from the brain and spinal cord control function

45
Q

Approach that involves computational modeling

A

Mathematical

46
Q

Believed the brain to be important for function, like Hippocrates, and performed many dissections on animals (sheep, dogs, pigs) to try to determine brain function from structure

47
Q

Approach that looks at the development of drugs which affect the nervous system function and the brain

A

Neuropharmacology/neurochemistry

48
Q

What have different animals developed over time and why?

A

Different brains to focus on what they’re good at

49
Q

Why are various animals good models for studying the brain?

A

They have certain brain structures that may be larger and better at specific functions

50
Q

Used to study aging and development

A

C. elegans (worms)

51
Q

Showed that spinal nerve bundles are made of bundles of fibers with ventral roots carrying motor and dorsal roots carrying sensory. Each nerve carries info one way

A

Bell and Magendie

52
Q

Introduced evolution in On the Origin of Species

53
Q

Approach that involves dissection of pathways

A

Dissection of cellular or molecular pathways In neurons

54
Q

The peripheral and central divisions were recognized here

A

17th/18th century

55
Q

Challenged Descartes by saying the pineal gland communicating to the brain doesn’t provide any unique human abilities

56
Q

Championed phrenology and divided the brain into 27 regions which he thought reflected abilities

57
Q

Approach that looks at ion channels

A

Ion channel physiology

58
Q

Many people in this time period believed the heart controlled the body except for this man who thought it was the brain

A

Hippocrates

59
Q

Used for early studies of the visual system

60
Q

Axons

A

White matter

61
Q

Why should we study specific animal species?

A

Specific traits or behaviors
Ease of studies in cost/life span
Comparative anatomy
Good animal models of disease

62
Q

These two things shaped early views of the brain

A

Limited data and experimental techniques

63
Q

Using dogs and frogs, they showed a specific region of the brain controlled movement (used electrical stimulation)

A

Fritsch and Hitzig

64
Q

Produced wax cast of ventricles and detailed drawings of brain anatomy and vasculature

A

Leonardo da Vinci

65
Q

The more fundamental the process, the more what the animal model can be used to study it

A

More basic, less advanced

66
Q

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, loss of voluntary movement

A

Parkinsons

67
Q

Used to study development and drug screening

A

D. rerio (zebrafish)

68
Q

4 parts of the scientific method

A

Observation, replication, interpretation, and verification

69
Q

What did Egyptians do with the bodies of the deceased?

A

Discarded the brain but preserved the rest of the body

70
Q

Cell bodies

A

Gray matter

71
Q

Used to study basic bio of neurons, synaptic transmission, and plasticity

A

Squid and snail

72
Q

Thought since the cerebellum felt hard, it controlled muscles. Also believed the brain received sensory info

73
Q

Showed that an electric eel can produce a spark and thus generate electricity within its body

74
Q

Measured the speed of a nerve impulse by stimulating and measuring how long it took to conduct

A

Von Helmholtz

75
Q

Degeneration of cholinergic neurons, dementia, fatal

76
Q

Believed sensory fibers connected to the cerebrum and motor fibers connected to the cerebellum

77
Q

Loss of blood supply can lead to permanent loss of function

78
Q

By 1500, much of this was described

A

Gross brain anatomy including naming of pons and hippocampus

79
Q

This is highly regulated for lab animals

A

Animal welfare

80
Q

When was it known different parts of the brain probably have different functions (diff neurons lead to and go from diff areas)

81
Q

Seizures due to disruption of normal brain electrical activity

82
Q

Approach that is its own field and looks at the processes of the brain

A

Psychology

83
Q

Observed spinal reflexes and explained how they might occur

84
Q

What was the major theory in early neuroscience regarding how the body functioned?

A

Body functioned by balancing 4 vial fluids called humors (yellow bile - fire, black bile - earth, phlegm - water, blood - air)

85
Q

Noticed animals behaved many ways like humans, but on a more basic level

A

Thomas Willis

86
Q

The minimum number of these must be used in experiments

A

Animal models

87
Q

Thought since the cerebrum was soft, sensations and memories were formed there

88
Q

What is neuroscience research driven by?

A

Driven by hypotheses but also requires discovery research

89
Q

The view of nerves changed from hollow tubes to this

A

Wires that conduct electricity generated by activity of the brain

90
Q

Saw injuries to gladiators and noticed how the affected behavior

Neuro 3000 (15 decks)

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