Intro to/History of Neuroscience Flashcards
Showed specific regions of brain controlled movement using monkeys and that ablation caused paralysis
Ferrier
How do we know prehistoric people knew the brain was important?
There are skulls that show signs of early attempts to repair the brain, so they understood the brain was important to life
Believed the heart was the key to the soul and memories were stored there
Egyptians
Opposite techniques that were both used to prove localization
Stimulation and ablation
Mentioned several organs (mostly the heart) but nothing about the brain
Bible
Produced detailed drawings of the brain and believed in was the controlling organ
Andreas Vesalius
Major cause of suicide experienced by 30 million
Depression
Believed in fluid mechanical theory, but that human abilities came from the mind that communicated to brain via the pineal gland
Descartes
What were the 4 humors thought to control the body?
yellow bile - fire, black bile - earth, phlegm - water, blood - air
Came up with the view that the brain was in control but through the movement of vital fluids through nerves he thought were hollow tubes. This view held for 1500 years
Galen
Thought all parts of cerebrum contribute to all functions was wrong, but did show traits don’t match phrenology though ablation
Flourens
Used to study neuropharmacological and behavioral studies
Rats and mice
When was it known the brain was not mystical and follows the laws of biology?
by 1800
When was it known brain signals use nerves?
by 1800
White matter contains these that make up nerves and communicate with the gray matter (17th/18th century)
Nerve fibers (axons)
Used to study synapse formation
D. melanogaster (fruit fly)
Described the optic nerve around 500 BC, continued to explore anatomy of brain and nervous system, and dissected sensory nerves
Alcmaion of Crotona
When was it known injury to the brain can cause death, disrupt thought, motor function and sensation
by 1800
Used experimental ablation to show Bell was correct
Flourens
Had a hieroglyph for the brain
Egyptians
Showed that electricity can stimulate muscle movement and the brain generates electricity
Galvani and du Bois-Reymond
Believed the brain was the center of mental processes
Plato
Believed the brain to be the center of sensation and intelligence, knew epilepsy was a brain disease
Hippocrates
Every brain has the same general patter of these (17th/18th century)
Bumps (gyri) and grooves (sulci)
2 million affected, severe psychotic illness, delusions, hallucinations, bizarre behavior
Schizophrenia
Provided good evidence for localization by studying patients who could understand language but couldn’t speak
Broca
Loss of nerve conduction, losing myelination
MS
Believed the heart was the center of intelligence and the brain simply cooled the blood
Aristotle
Approach that involves biology of the brain
Developmental biology of the brain
Pseudoscience focused on bumps of the skull being a result of structure of brain regions correlated with abilites
Phrenology
Approach that doesn’t involve humans but is vital for understanding human function
Animal behavior
Noticed that specific parts of the body are connected to specific nerves and sensory and motor neurons run on different paths
Herophilus (father of anatomy)
Used for early studies of the somatosensory system
Rats and Mice
What are neuroscientists and all scientists subject to?
The same biases as everyone else
Studied anatomy and published a lot on it. Thought the cerebrum was in control and described blood supply to the brain
Thomas Willis
Used to study visual system
Cats and primates