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Neuro 3000 > Intro to/History of Neuroscience > Flashcards

Intro to/History of Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Showed specific regions of brain controlled movement using monkeys and that ablation caused paralysis

A

Ferrier

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2
Q

How do we know prehistoric people knew the brain was important?

A

There are skulls that show signs of early attempts to repair the brain, so they understood the brain was important to life

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3
Q

Believed the heart was the key to the soul and memories were stored there

A

Egyptians

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4
Q

Opposite techniques that were both used to prove localization

A

Stimulation and ablation

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5
Q

Mentioned several organs (mostly the heart) but nothing about the brain

A

Bible

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6
Q

Produced detailed drawings of the brain and believed in was the controlling organ

A

Andreas Vesalius

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7
Q

Major cause of suicide experienced by 30 million

A

Depression

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8
Q

Believed in fluid mechanical theory, but that human abilities came from the mind that communicated to brain via the pineal gland

A

Descartes

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9
Q

What were the 4 humors thought to control the body?

A

yellow bile - fire, black bile - earth, phlegm - water, blood - air

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10
Q

Came up with the view that the brain was in control but through the movement of vital fluids through nerves he thought were hollow tubes. This view held for 1500 years

A

Galen

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11
Q

Thought all parts of cerebrum contribute to all functions was wrong, but did show traits don’t match phrenology though ablation

A

Flourens

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12
Q

Used to study neuropharmacological and behavioral studies

A

Rats and mice

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13
Q

When was it known the brain was not mystical and follows the laws of biology?

A

by 1800

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14
Q

When was it known brain signals use nerves?

A

by 1800

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15
Q

White matter contains these that make up nerves and communicate with the gray matter (17th/18th century)

A

Nerve fibers (axons)

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16
Q

Used to study synapse formation

A

D. melanogaster (fruit fly)

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17
Q

Described the optic nerve around 500 BC, continued to explore anatomy of brain and nervous system, and dissected sensory nerves

A

Alcmaion of Crotona

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18
Q

When was it known injury to the brain can cause death, disrupt thought, motor function and sensation

A

by 1800

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19
Q

Used experimental ablation to show Bell was correct

A

Flourens

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20
Q

Had a hieroglyph for the brain

A

Egyptians

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21
Q

Showed that electricity can stimulate muscle movement and the brain generates electricity

A

Galvani and du Bois-Reymond

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22
Q

Believed the brain was the center of mental processes

A

Plato

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23
Q

Believed the brain to be the center of sensation and intelligence, knew epilepsy was a brain disease

A

Hippocrates

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24
Q

Every brain has the same general patter of these (17th/18th century)

A

Bumps (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

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25
2 million affected, severe psychotic illness, delusions, hallucinations, bizarre behavior
Schizophrenia
26
Provided good evidence for localization by studying patients who could understand language but couldn't speak
Broca
27
Loss of nerve conduction, losing myelination
MS
28
Believed the heart was the center of intelligence and the brain simply cooled the blood
Aristotle
29
Approach that involves biology of the brain
Developmental biology of the brain
30
Pseudoscience focused on bumps of the skull being a result of structure of brain regions correlated with abilites
Phrenology
31
Approach that doesn't involve humans but is vital for understanding human function
Animal behavior
32
Noticed that specific parts of the body are connected to specific nerves and sensory and motor neurons run on different paths
Herophilus (father of anatomy)
33
Used for early studies of the somatosensory system
Rats and Mice
34
What are neuroscientists and all scientists subject to?
The same biases as everyone else
35
Studied anatomy and published a lot on it. Thought the cerebrum was in control and described blood supply to the brain
Thomas Willis
36
Used to study visual system
Cats and primates
37
Performed dissections of humans and animals around 350 BC and observed sensory and motor nerves
Herophilus (father of anatomy)
38
Lesions here allow people to understand language but not speak it
Brocas area
39
Showed that the occipital lobe is required for vision through ablation techniques
Munk
40
What did early scientists think neurons were/did?
Believed they were tubes for carrying the humors
41
These people knew about brain damage but had no way to fix it
Egyptians
42
People thought one of two things controlled intellect but had no good idea of how either functioned, what were they?
Brain and heart
43
Different animals have different amounts of this. Clearly seen in the platypus bill
They have different levels of cortical representation. Bill input occupies most of the cortical sheet and there is more whisker representation in rats than squirrels
44
Cut the pig laryngeal nerve and noticed the pig could no longer squeal. Concluded nerves from the brain and spinal cord control function
Galen
45
Approach that involves computational modeling
Mathematical
46
Believed the brain to be important for function, like Hippocrates, and performed many dissections on animals (sheep, dogs, pigs) to try to determine brain function from structure
Galen
47
Approach that looks at the development of drugs which affect the nervous system function and the brain
Neuropharmacology/neurochemistry
48
What have different animals developed over time and why?
Different brains to focus on what they're good at
49
Why are various animals good models for studying the brain?
They have certain brain structures that may be larger and better at specific functions
50
Used to study aging and development
C. elegans (worms)
51
Showed that spinal nerve bundles are made of bundles of fibers with ventral roots carrying motor and dorsal roots carrying sensory. Each nerve carries info one way
Bell and Magendie
52
Introduced evolution in On the Origin of Species
Darwin
53
Approach that involves dissection of pathways
Dissection of cellular or molecular pathways In neurons
54
The peripheral and central divisions were recognized here
17th/18th century
55
Challenged Descartes by saying the pineal gland communicating to the brain doesn't provide any unique human abilities
Willis
56
Championed phrenology and divided the brain into 27 regions which he thought reflected abilities
Gall
57
Approach that looks at ion channels
Ion channel physiology
58
Many people in this time period believed the heart controlled the body except for this man who thought it was the brain
Hippocrates
59
Used for early studies of the visual system
Monkeys
60
Axons
White matter
61
Why should we study specific animal species?
Specific traits or behaviors Ease of studies in cost/life span Comparative anatomy Good animal models of disease
62
These two things shaped early views of the brain
Limited data and experimental techniques
63
Using dogs and frogs, they showed a specific region of the brain controlled movement (used electrical stimulation)
Fritsch and Hitzig
64
Produced wax cast of ventricles and detailed drawings of brain anatomy and vasculature
Leonardo da Vinci
65
The more fundamental the process, the more what the animal model can be used to study it
More basic, less advanced
66
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, loss of voluntary movement
Parkinsons
67
Used to study development and drug screening
D. rerio (zebrafish)
68
4 parts of the scientific method
Observation, replication, interpretation, and verification
69
What did Egyptians do with the bodies of the deceased?
Discarded the brain but preserved the rest of the body
70
Cell bodies
Gray matter
71
Used to study basic bio of neurons, synaptic transmission, and plasticity
Squid and snail
72
Thought since the cerebellum felt hard, it controlled muscles. Also believed the brain received sensory info
Galen
73
Showed that an electric eel can produce a spark and thus generate electricity within its body
Walsh
74
Measured the speed of a nerve impulse by stimulating and measuring how long it took to conduct
Von Helmholtz
75
Degeneration of cholinergic neurons, dementia, fatal
AD
76
Believed sensory fibers connected to the cerebrum and motor fibers connected to the cerebellum
Bell
77
Loss of blood supply can lead to permanent loss of function
Stroke
78
By 1500, much of this was described
Gross brain anatomy including naming of pons and hippocampus
79
This is highly regulated for lab animals
Animal welfare
80
When was it known different parts of the brain probably have different functions (diff neurons lead to and go from diff areas)
by 1800
81
Seizures due to disruption of normal brain electrical activity
Epilepsy
82
Approach that is its own field and looks at the processes of the brain
Psychology
83
Observed spinal reflexes and explained how they might occur
Descartes
84
What was the major theory in early neuroscience regarding how the body functioned?
Body functioned by balancing 4 vial fluids called humors (yellow bile - fire, black bile - earth, phlegm - water, blood - air)
85
Noticed animals behaved many ways like humans, but on a more basic level
Thomas Willis
86
The minimum number of these must be used in experiments
Animal models
87
Thought since the cerebrum was soft, sensations and memories were formed there
Galen
88
What is neuroscience research driven by?
Driven by hypotheses but also requires discovery research
89
The view of nerves changed from hollow tubes to this
Wires that conduct electricity generated by activity of the brain
90
Saw injuries to gladiators and noticed how the affected behavior
Galen

Neuro 3000 (15 decks)

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