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Soil Sci Lab (Exercise 6) Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

Soil serves as a storehouse for plant nutrients and normally provides plants with the nutrients they require to grow and reproduce

A

True

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2
Q

True or False

When the quantity of plant nutrient is insufficient in soil, then the needed amount of nutrient has to be supplemented with fertilizer

A

True

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3
Q

Fertilizers is derived from the Latin word?

A

fertilis (fruit-bearing)

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4
Q

any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin added to the soil to supply certain elements essential to growth of plants

A

fertilizer

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5
Q

8000 years ago, early farmers used ____ to fertilize their crops

A

manure

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6
Q

in the 19th century, ____ and ____ were shipped from Chile and Peru to the UK and Western Europe respectively

A

saltpetre ; guano

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7
Q

what was the first artificial fertilizer

A

SSP

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8
Q

what year was SSP produced in the UK

A

1843

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9
Q

True or False

potash fertilizers started in 1880 in Germany

A

False

Correct answer: 1860

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10
Q

N fertilizer from ammonia is derived from?

A

coal

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11
Q

True or False

in 1913, production of N fertilizers came with the production of synthetic ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process

A

True

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12
Q

what year was urea produced and used as a fertilizer

A

1921

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13
Q

types of fertilizers

A
  1. organic
  2. inorganic
  3. biofertilizer
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14
Q

Analogy

SSP : 1843 ; potash fertilizer : ____

A

1860

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15
Q
  • Nutrient-rich fertilizers made industrially by chemical processes, mineral extraction, or by mechanical grinding
  • They provide a known amount of nutrients in a form that is quickly available for plant uptake
A

inorganic fertilizer

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16
Q
  • Carbon-rich fertilizers and are derived from organic materials
  • Usually dried in order to remove moisture
A

organic fertilizer

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17
Q

Are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils

A

biofertilizer

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18
Q

Types of Biofertilizers

A
  1. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  2. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria
  3. Mycorrhizal fungi
  4. Compost and decomposing microbes
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19
Q

True or False

Mycorrhizal fungi convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can use

A

False

Correct answer: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

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20
Q

Break down insoluble phosphorus into plant-available forms

A

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria

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21
Q

Enhance water and nutrient uptake by forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots

A

Mycorrhizal fungi

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22
Q

Speed up organic matter breakdown, releasing nutrients into the soil

A

Compost and decomposing microbes

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23
Q

types of fertilizers according to form

A
  1. solid
  2. liquid
  3. gaseous
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24
Q

These are the most common fertilizers

A

solid fertilizers

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25
types of solid fertilizers
1. granular 2. powdered 3. pelleted
26
# Analogy pelleted : ____ ; powdered : fine
compressed
27
Small, dry particles that release nutrients slowly
granular
28
Compressed fertilizer particles for slow-release
pelleted
29
# True or False **powdered fertilizers** are fine, dry particles that dissolve quickly in soil or water
True
30
Nutrients are dissolved in water for easy absorption by plants
liquid fertilizers
31
types of liquid fertilizer
1. solution 2. suspension
32
Fully dissolved nutrients in water
solution
33
Nutrient particles suspended in liquid
suspension
34
Fertilizers in gas form, primarily used in large-scale agriculture
gaseous
35
A concentrated nitrogen fertilizer injected directly into the soil
Anhydrous Ammonia (NH₃)
36
# True or False **Sulfur Dioxide** is used in greenhouses to enhance plant growth by increasing photosynthesis
False | Correct answer: Carbon dioxide
37
Sometimes used to lower soil pH and improve sulfur availability
Sulfur Dioxide
38
types of fertilizer according to number of primary nutrient
1. single 2. incomplete 3. complete
39
a fertilizer which lacks one or two of the major plant nutrients
incomplete
40
a chemical fertilizer containing only one primary plant nutrient
single
41
fertilizers that contain the three major plant nutrients
complete
42
Types of Fertilizers according to its effect on soil pH
1. acidic forming 2. basic 3. neutral 4. Equivalent acidity/residual acidity 5. Equivalent basicity
43
# Analogy Basic : ____ ; Acidic : increase acidity
decrease acidity
44
one that is guaranteed to leave neither an acidic nor basic residue in the soil
neutral fertilizer
45
the acidity developed in the soil by the fertilizer, measured in terms of the calcium and carbonate required for its neutralization
equivalent acidity / residual acidity
46
the basic residues left in the soil by the fertilizer, expressed as equivalent calcium carbonate
equivalent basicity
47
Principles to apply when planning to apply fertilizers
1. right source 2. right time 3. right rate 4. right place 5. soil testing 6. balanced nutrition 7. Soil Texture Consideration 8. Moisture Availability 9. Application Method 10. Environmental Protection 11. Crop-Specific Needs 12. Weather Considerations 13. Organic Matter Integration 14. Cost-Effectiveness 15. Regulatory Compliance
48
The fertilizer is applied uniformly on the soil surface
broadcasting
49
fertilizer is broadcast and incorporated into the soil before planting the crop
basal
50
fertilizer material is broadcast over a standing crop
topdressing
51
The fertilizer is applied to one or both sides of the seed or standing crop
localized placement
52
the fertilizer is applied in bands either along the furrows prior to seeding or as strips on one or both sides of the row about 5 cm away and below the seeds
banding
53
a method of placing fertilizer along the side of the growing crop’s row at the time most satisfactory to the crop
sidedressing
54
Involves digging numerous small holes around each tree within the outer half of the branch-spread zone, and placing a suitable amount of fertilizer into these holes which are then filled-up
Trench/perforation method
55
carried out by wrapping small amounts of fertilizers in mudballs
mudball technique
56
Done by coating the seeds with fertilizers by means of an adhesive such as cellofas A or gum arabic
seed pelleting
57
# True or False **Seed pelleting** is usually employed when sowing legume seeds on acid soils to ensure a good establishment of the crop
True
58
Involves dissolving solid fertilizer material in water and then applying it as spray to the plant or direct application of liquid fertilizers as foliar spray
foliar application
59
Refers to application of water soluble fertilizers through irrigation water, thus, nutrients are carried into the soil in solution
fertigation
60
In areas where ground application is not practicable, the fertilizer solutions are applied by aircraft particularly in hilly areas, in forest lands, in grasslands, or in sugarcane fields
aerial application
61
the guaranteed minimum analysis, in percent, of the major plant nutrient elements contained in a fertilizer material or in a mixed fertilizer
Fertilizer grade
62
refers to the relative percentage of N, P2O5, K2O
Fertilizer ratio
63
an expression of the quantity and analysis of the material in a mixed fertilizer
Fertilizer formula
64
# Analogy fertilizer grade : exact percentage ; fertilizer ratio : ____
relative proportion
65
the quantity of certain plant nutrient elements needed, in addition to the amount supplied by the soil, to increase plant growth to a designated optimum.
Fertilizer requirement
66
Fertilizer treatments in experiment are usually expressed in ____
weight of fertilizer nutrient applied per hectare
67
conversion factor of P to P2O5
2.29
68
conversion factor of K to K2O
1.20

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