Genetics Lab Flashcards
1
Q
The is a type of cell division which
takes place in a reproductive cell
(diploid) and produces four unique
haploid daughter cells
A
meiosis
2
Q
sub-phases of meiosis
A
Reduction Meiosis (MI) & Equatorial Meiosis (MII)
3
Q
separation of homologous chromosome
A
Reduction Meiosis (MI)
4
Q
separation of sister chromatids
A
Equatorial Meiosis (MII)
5
Q
- Production of gametes
- Maintain the ploidy level of each
generation
A
importance of meiosis
6
Q
is a term referring to the number of chromosome sets in somatic cells of the diplophase (2n) or gametophytic cells of the haplophase (1n).
A
ploidy level (X)
7
Q
_________ cells have two sets of chromosomes
and are indicated by 2x.
A
diploid
8
Q
Five Sub-phases of Prophase I
A
L – Leptonema ( thicken chromosome)
Z – Zygonema (synapsis)
P – Pachynema ( crossing-over)
D – Diplonema (chiasmata)
D – Diakinesis
9
Q
- The chromosomes thicken and
become visible, but the
chromatids remain invisible. - The centrosome begin to move
towards the opposite poles
A
Leptotene/Leptonema
10
Q
Homologous chromosomes enter
synapsis (the fusion of homologous
chromosome) forming the
synaptonemal complex.
A
Zygotene/Zygonema
11
Q
________ (stabilized pairing of homologous chromosomes)
A
synapsis
12
Q
______(facilitates genetic exchange between homologs)
A
crossing over
13
Q
______(ensures proper chromosomal alignment)
A
Chromosomal alignment
14
Q
Synaptonemal complex essential
for:
A
Synapsis
Crossing over
Chromosomal alignment
Regulates meiotic recombination
15
Q
The synapsis is complete all throughout each pair of homologous chromosomes.
A
Pachytene/Pachynema
16
Q
The synaptonemal complex dissolves.
A
Diplotene/Diplonema
17
Q
The _____ or four chromatids of the
homologous pair is visible.
A
tetrad
18
Q
Crossing over points appear as _____ (holding of non-sister chromatids together).
A
chiasmata
19
Q
- The chromatids thicken and shorten.
- At the end of prophase I, the nuclear envelop breaks down and the spindle fibers begins to
form
A
diakinesis
20
Q
- Tetrads line up along the metaphase plate.
- The centromere of each homologous chromosomeis attaches to centrosome in each
opposite pole by microtubule.
A
Metaphase I
21
Q
The homologous chromosomes move
to the opposite poles.
A
Anaphase I
22
Q
- Each complement of the homologous pair reaches the opposite poles.
- The nuclear envelop reforms
A
Telophase I
23
Q
separates the daughter cells.
A
Cytokinesis
24
Q
______ is alternative form of the gene
A
Allele
25
______ separation homologous chromosome
Haploid (n)
26
* The chromosomes condense.
* The centrosomes appears in each the opposite poles of the cell.
* The nuclear envelope
breaks down at the end of
this phase.
Prophase II
27
* The centromeres of each sister chromatids are attach to the microtubules connected to the centrosome located on the opposite poles of the cell.
* Each chromosome aligns at the metaphase plate.
Metaphase II
28
* The sister centromeres detach from each other.
* Sister chromatids to move to opposite poles
Anaphase II
29
* Each individual sister chromatids begins to uncoil.
* The nuclear envelopes reform.
Telophase II
29
proceeds producing four unique daughter
cells.
cytokinesis
29
Exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during crossing over in the Pachytene stage
Recombination
29
Essential in creating variation among individual in the same species through producing unique gametes (sex cells)
Genetic Implication
30
a unit of heredity; a section of DNA which encodes for a protein
Gene
31
the entire set of genes in an organism
Genome
32
specific type or variant of genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).
Alleles
33
a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located (address of a gene)
Locus
34
the physical feature/observable traits resulting from the effects of genotype + environment + interaction of genotype and environment
(P = G+E+GxE)
Phenotype
35
specific combination of alleles for a gene of a particular trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)
Genotype (Narrow type)
36
genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype (broad sense)
37
gene combination involving identical alleles (BB, bb)
homozygous genotype
38
gene combination of involving different alleles (Bb, bB)
heterozygous genotype
39
is an individual having homozygous genotype. It may contain several genes in homozygous state due to repeat selfing generation.
Pure line
40
is an individual having heterozygous genotype and it is produce through crossing pure lines
hybrid
41
the parental generation in a breeding experiment.
Parent or P Generation
42
the offspring of the parental generation
F1 generation (1st filial generation)
43
the offspring of F1 generation
F2 generation (2nd filial generation)
44
______ is passing down or transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next generation through _______________
heredity; gametes formation/fertilization
45
Laws governing Inheritance of Traits
Law of Dominance (complete)
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
46
▪ Austrian monk
▪ Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants
▪ Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel
47
Seven contrasting traits that Mendel studied in pea plants
Seed shape
seed color
pod shape
pod color
flower color
flower position
stem length
48
-is a cross involving a single character flower color
- This involved crossing of two true
breeding parents or pure lines*
with contrasting allele of one
particular trait
monohybrid cross
49
-is a cross
involving a two character:
Seed color (Yellow /Green)
Seed shape (round/wrinkle
-This involved crossing of two true
breeding parents or pure lines*
with contrasting allele of two
particular traits
dihybrid cross
50
▪ states that in a heterozygote,
one allele will conceals/hides
the presence of another allele
for the same gene governing a
particular character or
phenotype
▪ The allele that conceals/ hides
the presence of the other allele
is known as dominant allele.
▪ The allele whose presence is
concealed/hidden is known as
recessive allele
law of dominance
51
During the formation of
gametes, the two alleles of a
gene responsible for a character
separate from each other as
each sister chromatid separates
during Anaphase II
law of segregation
52
“Genes for the different traits assort
independent of each other during gamete
formation"
law of independent assortment
53
* A table that shows the genotypes
the two individuals can produce
when crossed
* A visual way of representing the
genotypic probability calculations
of offspring in a cross
* Limited with working in one or two
gene pairs
Punnett's Square
54
invented the Punnett square
Reginald C. Punnett
55
involves the pattern of inheritance that does not follow Mendel’s laws
non-mendelian genetics
56
________the traits blend producing an intermediate phenotype.
incomplete dominance
57
_______ occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote.
codominance
58
types of codominance
multiple alleles
pleiotropy
lethal alleles
59
Some populations have multiple alleles of a given gene
multiple alleles
60
When one gene affects multiple characteristics
pleiotropy
61
A few genes have alleles that affect the survival of the organisms.
lethal alleles
62
_______ refers to alleles of a gene having the same phenotypic range
iso-alleles
63
_______ having the same phenotypic range of an abnormal character
Mutant iso-alleles
64
________ having the same phenotypic range of an wild type.
Normal iso-alleles
65
Death occurs in homozygous recessive
individual.
Recessive lethal
66
Genes whose lethal effect occurs when a dominant allele is present in either homozygote or heterozygote condition.
Dominant lethal
67
________ lethal genes are expressed in both homozygotes and heterozygotes.
Dominant
68
are rarely detected due to their rapid elimination from populations.
Dominant lethal genes
69
death during embryonic development
embryonic lethality
70
death during fetal development
fetal lethality
71
death shortly after birth
neonatal fatality
72
death later in life
adult lethality
73
are often inherited together into the same gametes
linked genes
74
Types of Linked Genes
complete linkage
incomplete linkage
75
These are closely associated linked genes that are always inherited together.
complete linkage
76
These are distantly associated linked genes that partially segregate from each other during gamete formation.
incomplete linkage
77
Linkage Notation
Cis form or coupling phase
Trans form or repulsion phase
78
All dominant alleles (AB) or recessive alleles (ab) are on the same chromatid.
Cis form or coupling phase
79
Both the dominant allele and recessive allele of linked gene A and B are on the same chromatid.
Trans form or repulsion phase
80
identifying whether two or more genes are physically link on the same chromosomes. And linked genes tend to be inherited together, making it possible to predict inheritance patterns
Linkage determination
81
_________ from 1:1 (monohybrid) and 1:1:1:1 (dihybrid) test cross-ratio
deviation
82
________ from the 9:3:3:1 F2phenotypic ratio
non-conformity
83
________ is a diagram showing the relative positions of genetic markers along a chromosome that is determined by the recombination frequency during crossover of homologous chromosomes.
linkage or genetic map
84
________ is based on the crossing over percentage obtained from genetic experiments where 1 map unit is equivalent to 1% crossing over.
map distance
85
cM
centrimorgan
