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Genetics Lab Flashcards

1
Q

The is a type of cell division which
takes place in a reproductive cell
(diploid) and produces four unique
haploid daughter cells

A

meiosis

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2
Q

sub-phases of meiosis

A

Reduction Meiosis (MI) & Equatorial Meiosis (MII)

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3
Q

separation of homologous chromosome

A

Reduction Meiosis (MI)

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4
Q

separation of sister chromatids

A

Equatorial Meiosis (MII)

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5
Q
  • Production of gametes
  • Maintain the ploidy level of each
    generation
A

importance of meiosis

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6
Q

is a term referring to the number of chromosome sets in somatic cells of the diplophase (2n) or gametophytic cells of the haplophase (1n).

A

ploidy level (X)

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7
Q

_________ cells have two sets of chromosomes
and are indicated by 2x.

A

diploid

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8
Q

Five Sub-phases of Prophase I

A

L – Leptonema ( thicken chromosome)
Z – Zygonema (synapsis)
P – Pachynema ( crossing-over)
D – Diplonema (chiasmata)
D – Diakinesis

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9
Q
  • The chromosomes thicken and
    become visible, but the
    chromatids remain invisible.
  • The centrosome begin to move
    towards the opposite poles
A

Leptotene/Leptonema

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10
Q

Homologous chromosomes enter
synapsis (the fusion of homologous
chromosome) forming the
synaptonemal complex.

A

Zygotene/Zygonema

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11
Q

________ (stabilized pairing of homologous chromosomes)

A

synapsis

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12
Q

______(facilitates genetic exchange between homologs)

A

crossing over

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13
Q

______(ensures proper chromosomal alignment)

A

Chromosomal alignment

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14
Q

Synaptonemal complex essential
for:

A

Synapsis
Crossing over
Chromosomal alignment
Regulates meiotic recombination

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15
Q

The synapsis is complete all throughout each pair of homologous chromosomes.

A

Pachytene/Pachynema

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16
Q

The synaptonemal complex dissolves.

A

Diplotene/Diplonema

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17
Q

The _____ or four chromatids of the
homologous pair is visible.

A

tetrad

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18
Q

Crossing over points appear as _____ (holding of non-sister chromatids together).

A

chiasmata

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19
Q
  • The chromatids thicken and shorten.
  • At the end of prophase I, the nuclear envelop breaks down and the spindle fibers begins to
    form
A

diakinesis

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20
Q
  • Tetrads line up along the metaphase plate.
  • The centromere of each homologous chromosomeis attaches to centrosome in each
    opposite pole by microtubule.
A

Metaphase I

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21
Q

The homologous chromosomes move
to the opposite poles.

A

Anaphase I

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22
Q
  • Each complement of the homologous pair reaches the opposite poles.
  • The nuclear envelop reforms
A

Telophase I

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23
Q

separates the daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

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24
Q

______ is alternative form of the gene

A

Allele

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25
Q

______ separation homologous chromosome

A

Haploid (n)

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26
Q
  • The chromosomes condense.
  • The centrosomes appears in each the opposite poles of the cell.
  • The nuclear envelope
    breaks down at the end of
    this phase.
A

Prophase II

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27
Q
  • The centromeres of each sister chromatids are attach to the microtubules connected to the centrosome located on the opposite poles of the cell.
  • Each chromosome aligns at the metaphase plate.
A

Metaphase II

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28
Q
  • The sister centromeres detach from each other.
  • Sister chromatids to move to opposite poles
A

Anaphase II

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29
Q
  • Each individual sister chromatids begins to uncoil.
  • The nuclear envelopes reform.
A

Telophase II

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29
Q

proceeds producing four unique daughter
cells.

A

cytokinesis

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29
Q

Exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during crossing over in the Pachytene stage

A

Recombination

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29
Q

Essential in creating variation among individual in the same species through producing unique gametes (sex cells)

A

Genetic Implication

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30
Q

a unit of heredity; a section of DNA which encodes for a protein

A

Gene

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31
Q

the entire set of genes in an organism

A

Genome

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32
Q

specific type or variant of genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).

A

Alleles

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33
Q

a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located (address of a gene)

A

Locus

34
Q

the physical feature/observable traits resulting from the effects of genotype + environment + interaction of genotype and environment
(P = G+E+GxE)

A

Phenotype

35
Q

specific combination of alleles for a gene of a particular trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)

A

Genotype (Narrow type)

36
Q

genetic makeup of an organism

A

Genotype (broad sense)

37
Q

gene combination involving identical alleles (BB, bb)

A

homozygous genotype

38
Q

gene combination of involving different alleles (Bb, bB)

A

heterozygous genotype

39
Q

is an individual having homozygous genotype. It may contain several genes in homozygous state due to repeat selfing generation.

A

Pure line

40
Q

is an individual having heterozygous genotype and it is produce through crossing pure lines

A

hybrid

41
Q

the parental generation in a breeding experiment.

A

Parent or P Generation

42
Q

the offspring of the parental generation

A

F1 generation (1st filial generation)

43
Q

the offspring of F1 generation

A

F2 generation (2nd filial generation)

44
Q

______ is passing down or transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next generation through _______________

A

heredity; gametes formation/fertilization

45
Q

Laws governing Inheritance of Traits

A

Law of Dominance (complete)
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment

46
Q

▪ Austrian monk
▪ Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants
▪ Father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

47
Q

Seven contrasting traits that Mendel studied in pea plants

A

Seed shape
seed color
pod shape
pod color
flower color
flower position
stem length

48
Q

-is a cross involving a single character flower color
- This involved crossing of two true
breeding parents or pure lines*
with contrasting allele of one
particular trait

A

monohybrid cross

49
Q

-is a cross
involving a two character:
Seed color (Yellow /Green)
Seed shape (round/wrinkle

-This involved crossing of two true
breeding parents or pure lines*
with contrasting allele of two
particular traits

A

dihybrid cross

50
Q

▪ states that in a heterozygote,
one allele will conceals/hides
the presence of another allele
for the same gene governing a
particular character or
phenotype
▪ The allele that conceals/ hides
the presence of the other allele
is known as dominant allele.
▪ The allele whose presence is
concealed/hidden is known as
recessive allele

A

law of dominance

51
Q

During the formation of
gametes, the two alleles of a
gene responsible for a character
separate from each other as
each sister chromatid separates
during Anaphase II

A

law of segregation

52
Q

“Genes for the different traits assort
independent of each other during gamete
formation”

A

law of independent assortment

53
Q
  • A table that shows the genotypes
    the two individuals can produce
    when crossed
  • A visual way of representing the
    genotypic probability calculations
    of offspring in a cross
  • Limited with working in one or two
    gene pairs
A

Punnett’s Square

54
Q

invented the Punnett square

A

Reginald C. Punnett

55
Q

involves the pattern of inheritance that does not follow Mendel’s laws

A

non-mendelian genetics

56
Q

________the traits blend producing an intermediate phenotype.

A

incomplete dominance

57
Q

_______ occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote.

A

codominance

58
Q

types of codominance

A

multiple alleles
pleiotropy
lethal alleles

59
Q

Some populations have multiple alleles of a given gene

A

multiple alleles

60
Q

When one gene affects multiple characteristics

A

pleiotropy

61
Q

A few genes have alleles that affect the survival of the organisms.

A

lethal alleles

62
Q

_______ refers to alleles of a gene having the same phenotypic range

A

iso-alleles

63
Q

_______ having the same phenotypic range of an abnormal character

A

Mutant iso-alleles

64
Q

________ having the same phenotypic range of an wild type.

A

Normal iso-alleles

65
Q

Death occurs in homozygous recessive
individual.

A

Recessive lethal

66
Q

Genes whose lethal effect occurs when a dominant allele is present in either homozygote or heterozygote condition.

A

Dominant lethal

67
Q

________ lethal genes are expressed in both homozygotes and heterozygotes.

A

Dominant

68
Q

are rarely detected due to their rapid elimination from populations.

A

Dominant lethal genes

69
Q

death during embryonic development

A

embryonic lethality

70
Q

death during fetal development

A

fetal lethality

71
Q

death shortly after birth

A

neonatal fatality

72
Q

death later in life

A

adult lethality

73
Q

are often inherited together into the same gametes

A

linked genes

74
Q

Types of Linked Genes

A

complete linkage
incomplete linkage

75
Q

These are closely associated linked genes that are always inherited together.

A

complete linkage

76
Q

These are distantly associated linked genes that partially segregate from each other during gamete formation.

A

incomplete linkage

77
Q

Linkage Notation

A

Cis form or coupling phase
Trans form or repulsion phase

78
Q

All dominant alleles (AB) or recessive alleles (ab) are on the same chromatid.

A

Cis form or coupling phase

79
Q

Both the dominant allele and recessive allele of linked gene A and B are on the same chromatid.

A

Trans form or repulsion phase

80
Q

identifying whether two or more genes are physically link on the same chromosomes. And linked genes tend to be inherited together, making it possible to predict inheritance patterns

A

Linkage determination

81
Q

_________ from 1:1 (monohybrid) and 1:1:1:1 (dihybrid) test cross-ratio

A

deviation

82
Q

________ from the 9:3:3:1 F2phenotypic ratio

A

non-conformity

83
Q

________ is a diagram showing the relative positions of genetic markers along a chromosome that is determined by the recombination frequency during crossover of homologous chromosomes.

A

linkage or genetic map

84
Q

________ is based on the crossing over percentage obtained from genetic experiments where 1 map unit is equivalent to 1% crossing over.

A

map distance

85
Q

cM

A

centrimorgan

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