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academic weapon starter pack > Biochem Module 8 > Flashcards

Biochem Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

Metabolism never stops

A

True

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2
Q
  • totality of all the chemical reactions that take place in a living cell by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules.
  • elaborate road map of the chemical reactions in that cell.
A

Metabolism

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3
Q

The fluid portion of the cell which is involved in anaerobic metabolism

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

Plays a key role in aerobic energy production

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q
  • any metabolic process whereby cells break down complex substances into simpler, smaller ones, more basic molecules
  • Releases energy
A

Catabolic reactions

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6
Q
  • any metabolic process whereby cells convert simple substances into more complex ones.
  • consumes/requires energy.
A

Anabolic Reactions

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7
Q

Anabolic reactions is critical for ____, ____, ____, and ____ of body tissue

A

growth, repair, maintenance, synthesis

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8
Q

How Does the Body Fuel Metabolism?

A
  • disassembles macronutrients
  • builds new compounds
  • transforms compounds to ATP
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9
Q

Two Discrete Groups of Pathways

A
  1. Energy conversion pathways
  2. Metabolite synthesis and degredation pathways
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10
Q

What are the conversion pathways under Energy Conversion Pathways

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. citrate cycle/TCA cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport chain
  4. photosynthesis and carbon fixation
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11
Q

What are the conversion pathways under Metabolite Degradation Pathways

A
  1. fatty acid degredation: beta -oxidation
  2. gluconeogenesis
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12
Q

What is the sequence of events in digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

A

mouth > stomach > small intestine > large intestine

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13
Q

The enzyme salivary amylase breaks down starch into shorter polysaccharides

A

mouth

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14
Q

salivary amylase is inactivated and no further carbohydrate digestion occurs

A

stomach

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15
Q
  • majority of starch digestion and breakdown of disaccharides occur here.
  • the enzyme pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides
A

small intestine

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16
Q

the digestion of carbohydrates is completed by?

A

enzymes attached to the border of the small intestinal villi

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17
Q
  • fiber and other indigestible carbohydrates are partially broken down by bacteria to form short chain fatty acids and gas
  • the remaining fiber is excreted in the feces
A

large intestine

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18
Q

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate that involves 10 steps of enzymatic reactions.

A

glycolysis

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19
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

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20
Q

True or False

Glycolysis is an aerobic reaction

A

False

Glycolysis is an anaerobic reaction

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21
Q

glycolysis is reversible through?

A

gluconeogenesis

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22
Q
  • Process by which carbohydrates provide energy to the cell
  • Backbone of metabolism
A

glycolysis

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23
Q

One glucose molecule in glycolysis yields?

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 energized coenzymes
  • 2 hydrogen ions
  • 2 water molecules
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23
Q

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate accepts hydrogens that are released during glycolysis resulting in the conversion of lactate, and NAD+ is “free” to work again as a coenzyme in the first steps of glycolysis.

A

cori cycle

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24
Q

In the presence of Oxygen, pyruvate is transported into the ____ and is converted into ____

A

mitochondria ; acetyl CoA

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25
Q

synthesis of glucose or carbohydrates from non-carbohydrate precursor molecules.

A

gluconeogenesis

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26
Q
  • Break down of glycogen to glucose
  • Inhibited by insulin
A

glycogenolysis

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27
Q

what is the key enzyme in glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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28
Q

glycogenolysis is stimulated by?

A

fasting, physical exercise (between meals), glucagon, epinephrine

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29
Q
  • Synthesis of glycogen from glucose
  • Inhibited by glucagon, epinephrine
A

glycogenesis

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30
Q

what is the key enzyme in glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

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31
Q

glycogenesis is stimulated by?

A

increased blood sugar level (well fed state), insulin

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32
Q

True or False

Glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated in its active form while Glycogen synthase is dephosphorylated in its active form

A

True

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33
Q

Where Do the Macronutrients Come Together?

A

Acetyl CoA

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34
Q

also known as the “gateway” molecule for aerobic metabolism

A

acetyl CoA

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35
Q
  • Gathers electrons from the carbons in the energy nutrients
  • Transfers stored energy to two coenzyme hydrogen ion carriers to be released in the electron transport chain
A

The Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

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36
Q

primary function of TCA cycle

A

oxidize acetyl-CoA

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37
Q

The TCA cycle is considered the “hub’ of cellular metabolism because?

A
  1. central to aerobic metabolism and ATP production by generating the bulk of NADH and FADH2
  2. links the oxidation of various metabolic fuels to ATP synthesis
  3. provides metabolites for numerous biosynthetic pathways
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38
Q

TCA cycle produces?

A
  • 2 carbons
  • 8 hydrogen atoms
  • 3 NADH & 1FADH₂
  • small amount of energy as GTP
39
Q

____ is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion and absorption of lipids

A

bile

40
Q

the enzyme ____ is produced by the pancreas and released into the small intestine to break down triglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol

A

pancreatic lipase

41
Q

in the small intestine, the products from fat digestion and bile acids form a ____

A

micelle

42
Q

what is the purpose of the micelle

A

moves towards the microvilli to allow the lipids to diffuse into the mucosal cells

43
Q

lipid transport particles are also called?

A

chylomicrons

44
Q

True or False

Dietary fat (triglycerides) yields six times more energy

A

True

45
Q

hydrolyzed during lipolysis

A

triglycerides

46
Q

triglycerides are catalyzed by an enzyme in the adipose tissues by a) ____ and b) ____

A
  • Glucagon during times of fasting or starvation
  • Epinephrine or cortisol when under stress
47
Q

what are the products of lipolysis

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

48
Q

produces little energy

A

glycerol

49
Q

can be transformed to
glucose

A

glucogenic

50
Q

can be transformed into ketone bodies

A

ketogenic

51
Q

Ketone bodies are the backup fuel for ____ and ____ when glucose is limited

A

brain and nerve function

52
Q

ketone bodies are converted into acetyl-CoA via?

A

β-Oxidation

53
Q

Before Oxidation, fatty acids must be activated and transported to the ____ via ____

A

mitochondrion ; carnitine

54
Q

True or False

In β-Oxidation of Fats, activation begins in the nucleus

A

False

Activation begins in the cytoplasm

55
Q
  • conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-coA
  • involves 4 steps of enzymatic reactions
  • occurs in mitochondria
A

β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

56
Q

what are the products in β-Oxidation of Fats (for palmitic acid)

A
  • 8 acetyl-CoA
  • 7 hydrogens
  • 7 FADH2
  • 7 NADH
57
Q

how much atp is produced in β-Oxidation

A

106 ATP

58
Q

in the stomach, the chemical digestion of protein begins from ____ and the enzyme ____

A

hydrochloric acid ; pepsin

59
Q

Ketogenic amino acids

A
  • leucine
  • lysine
60
Q

Both ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids

A
  • Isoleucine
  • Tryptophan
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tyrosine
61
Q

Glucogenic amino acids

A
  • Alanine
  • Valine
  • Methionine
  • Histidine
  • Glutamic acid
  • Glutamine
  • Arginine
  • Aspartic acid
  • Serine
  • Proline
  • Cysteine
  • Glycine
62
Q

what is the most abundant glucogenic acid

A

glutamine

63
Q

glucogenic acids are converted to ____ and then transformed into ____ through ____

A

pyruvate, glucose, gluconeogenesis

64
Q

ketogenic amino acids are converted to ____ which can either be transformed into ____ and stored as a triglyceride or ____

A

acetyl-CoA, fatty acids, enter the TCA cycle

65
Q

True or False

Some amino acids can enter TCA cycle directly

A

True

66
Q

Major source of blood glucose when the diet is lacking in carbohydrate

A

glucogenic amino acids

67
Q

once glucogenic amino acids are deaminated, they can be transformed into:

A
  • pyruvate
  • acetyl-CoA
  • TCA cycle compounds
68
Q

in amino acid metabolism, 20 amino acids are converted to:

A
  1. pyruvate
  2. acetyl-CoA
  3. acetoacetate
  4. α-ketoglutarate
  5. succynyl-CoA
  6. oxalacetate
  7. fumarate
69
Q

A process wherein nonessential amino acids are produced in the TCA Cycle.

A

Transamination

70
Q

There are ____ glucogenic amino acids

A

14

There are 14 amino acids that are purely glucogenic

71
Q

Electron Transport Chain is also known as?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

72
Q
  • Final stage of metabolism when electrons are transferred from one complex to another, resulting in the formation of ATP and water
  • Generates 90% of the ATP used by the body for energy, growth, and maintenance
A

Electron Transport Chain

73
Q

ETC takes place in?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane of the cell (matrix)

74
Q
  • Protein complexes that transfer the electrons through the electron transport chain
  • Contain B vitamin riboflavin
A

Flavoproteins

75
Q

also known as Coenzyme Q, an electron carrier

A

Ubiquinone

76
Q

True or False

Iron deficiency can slow down ETC

A

True

77
Q
  • Protein complexes that move electrons down the electron transport chain
  • Contain iron and copper
A

Cytochrome C

78
Q

A process by which autotrophic organisms convert solar energy into glucose and O2

A

Photosynthesis

79
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

chloroplast

80
Q

what are the two phases of photosynthesis

A
  1. light dependent reaction
  2. light independent reaction (calvin cycle)
81
Q

produces Oxygen, ATP and NADPH

A

Light Dependent Reaction

82
Q

Uses ATP and NADPH to make glucose

A

Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

83
Q

Light Dependent Reaction occurs at?

A

thylakoid membrane

84
Q

A photon of light strikes an arrangement of chlorophyll called ____, causing the excitement of electrons and the splitting of water

A

photosystem II

85
Q

The H+ ions produced in Photosystem II are used to generate ATP through

A

ETC and chemiosmosis

86
Q

The electron is passed to photosystem I, where it is reenergized by another photon and used to generate an electron carrier called?

A

NADPH

87
Q

The chlorophyll found in photosystem II and I is referred to as

A

P680 & P700

They respond best to light at wavelengths 680nm & 700nm (red)

88
Q

During the Calvin cycle, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide are used to synthesize 2 molecules of a 3-carbon sugar called?

A

glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate or G3P

89
Q

The enzyme that attaches the molecule of carbon dioxide to the 5-carbon molecule RuBP is called

A

rubisco

90
Q

Rubisco is sometimes referred to as?

A

bridge or gateway to life

91
Q

What Happens if You Eat Too Much or Too Little

A

Metabolism adjusts

92
Q

When eating plenty, ____ are favored by metabolism

A

anabolic reactions

93
Q

Metabolism shifts during fasting to ____

A

catabolic reactions

94
Q

True or False

Ketogenesis peaks five days into fasting or limited carbohydrate intake

A

False

Ketogenesis peaks three days into fasting

95
Q
  • can result from a buildup of excess ketone bodies in the blood
  • often seen in type 1 diabetics
A

Ketoacidosis

96
Q

True or False

Alcohol is also metabolized in the brain

A

True

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