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SHS 300 > soft palate > Flashcards

soft palate Flashcards

1
Q

sphincter

A
  • separate the oral and nasal cavities during swallowing

- maintain patency of the respiratory tract during quiet breathing

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2
Q

soft palate and ___ are interchangable terms

A
  • velum

* nomenclature

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3
Q

velopharyngeal port

A

-opening created by velar lowering

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4
Q

uvula

A
  • most visable part of velum

- small extension of muscle hanging down at back of cavity

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5
Q

basic velar function

A
  • velopharyngeal port is normally open maximally during rest breathing to enable unencumbered flow of air through the nasal passages
  • during swallowing it is important that tight velopharyngeal closure be achieved to prevent nasal regurgitation of food and fluids
  • overall function to provide separation between oral and nasal cavities during speech and swallowing
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6
Q

soft palate at rest

A
  • extends downward into oral cavity
  • uvula visible
  • oral surface of velum rests on posterior tongue
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7
Q

default position of velum is

A

-open

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8
Q

soft palate is

A
  • muscular extension of hard palate
  • terminates in uvula
  • posterior spine on palatine bone marks beginning of soft palate
  • extends to posterior pharyngeal wall
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9
Q

curve found on nasal surface of velum

A
  • velar eminence

- typical point of contact between velum and pharyngeal wall

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10
Q

velum is situated at level of

A

C1

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11
Q

anterior portion is more ____ posterior portion is more ____

A

-muscular with consistent structure
effects closure and must have dependable function/structure
-variable and less critical for closure

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12
Q

nasal surface epithelium

A
  • anterior
  • respiratory type ciliated columnar epithelium
  • posterior
  • stratified squamous epithelium
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13
Q

oral surface epithelium

A
  • stratified squamous
  • surface is thicker, potentially to cope with abrasive effects of bolus
  • has some taste buds
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14
Q

anterior portion

A
  • aponeurosis
  • divides hard palate from muscles
  • certain velar muscles insert into aponeurosis
  • no velar muscles insert on hard palate in normal development
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15
Q

levator veli palatini

A
  • main palatal elevator
  • retract and elevates soft tissue
  • bulk of soft palate
  • arise from petrous temporal bone and medial wall of eustachian tube
  • courses downward and forward to insert in palatal aponeurosis of soft palate
  • innervated pharyngeal plexus
  • form sling that suspends soft palate
  • at rest 60 degrees
  • retracted 20 degrees
  • innervated pharyngeal plexus CN XI
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16
Q

tensor veli palatini

A
  • bulk of muscle in pterygoid fossa between pterygoid muscles
  • course downward and medially
  • origin 1 is cranial base
  • origin 2 is eustachian tube
  • insert in palatine aponeurosis
  • function is to open eustachian tube
  • innervated motor root CN V
17
Q

musculus uvulae

A
  • only intrinsic muscle of soft palate
  • closing velum
  • originates in aponeurosis
  • no muscle fibers
  • some people two paired other single
  • fibers encapsulated by connective tissue
  • function:
  • fill bulk of velum to assist in sealing VP port
  • cleft palate lack uvula
  • help assist LVP in closure
  • facial nerve via lesser palatine branch
18
Q

superior pharyngeal constrictor

A
  • forms upper posterior pharyngeal wall and upper lateral pharyngeal wall
  • effects inward movement of pharynx at level of soft palate
  • muscle has multiple sites of origin
  • pterygopharyngeus
  • buccopharyngeus
  • mylopharyngeus
  • glossopharyngeus
  • fan shaped
  • fibers meet posteriorly in midline to form pharyngeal raphe
  • fibers in superior region attach to velum and may aid in retraction
  • innervated pharyngeal plexus
19
Q

palatopharyngeus

A
  • only partially contained in post faucial pillar
  • transverse fibers course from velum to insert in lateral pharyngeal walls - thyroid cartilage with stylopharyngeus
  • fibers in faucial piller descend to greater horn of thyroid cartilage
  • function:
  • transverse pull walls of pharynx inward and help form passavants ridge
  • post faucial pillar
  • work with palatoglossus in raising tongue or pulling velum down
  • narrow pharynx walls during vowel articulations
  • innervated pharyngeal plexus
20
Q

palatoglossus

A
  • course from lateral margins of velum and extends through anterior faucial pillar to insert into lateral aspects of tongue body
  • assist in velar lowering, tongue elevation, constrict faucial isthmus
  • important in swallowing
  • small
  • innervated pharyngeal plexus
21
Q

salpingopharyngeus

A
  • small muscle attached to posterior-inferior aspects of eustachian tube
  • arise in auditory tube close in nasopharynx
  • course downward through salpingopharyngeal fold
  • pull lateral walls of pharynx superiorly
  • assist in downward transport of boltus in swallowing
  • innervated pharyngeal plexus
22
Q

motor innervation unceratinty

A
  1. which crainal nerves make up pharyngeal plexus
  2. is second source of innervation
  3. is facial nerve sole source of innervation of muscular uvulae
23
Q

need to determine whether there are different neural control patterns for speech versus nonspeech activities (swallowing)

A
  • different movement patterns speech vs nonspeech

- possible finer control is necessary for speech vs swallowing

24
Q

sensory innervation

A
  • cranial nerves V VII IX and X
  • decreases from anterior to posterior oropharyngeal cavity
  • little known about significance
25
Q

basic function in speech

A
  • opens to allow nasal airflow and resonances (nasality, nasalization)
  • closes to prevent nasal airflow and resonance (oral sounds)
26
Q

timing factors are critical in speech

A

-velum needs to lower in anticipation of nasal sounds and elevate in for nonnasal sounds

27
Q

speakers can vary

A
  • velopharyngeal activity for specific
  • language, dialect, grammatical requirements and individual patterns
  • some dialects more nasal than others
28
Q

velopharyngeal closure patterns

A
  • necessary during oralized vs nasalized sounds
  • the production of oralized sounds /s/
  • elevated and retracted to make complete contact against posterior pharyngeal wall
29
Q

pharyngeal wall movement also contributes to

A
  • velopharyngeal closure
  • lateral pharyngeal wall movements to the midline and posterior movement of velum creates sphincter-like closure pattern
30
Q

normal closure patterns

A
  • coronal patter
  • most common
  • major closure componant upward and backward movement of velum
  • create coronal aperture that completely closes port
  • lateral pharyngeal wall movement also contributes
31
Q

anterior motion of posterior pharyngeal wall minimal in normal mechanism

A
  • individuals with insufficient velar elevation and retraction
  • anterior movement consists of a bulging forward of posterior pharyngeal wall during closure attempts
  • passavants ridge
32
Q

other closure patterns

A
  • coronal with marked medial movement of lateral pharyngeal walls
  • circular with equal contribution from velum and lateral pharyngeal walls
  • circular with passavants ridge
  • saggital - lateral pharyngeal wall movement major componant
33
Q

velum closure forces

A
  • force varies with type of speech sounds
  • greater with high vowels than low vowels
  • greater for pressure consonants (stops, fricatives, affricates) than vowels
34
Q

no difference in closure force data of males and females

A
  • males exhibit larger range and variability of closure forces
  • more restricted range of upward velar movement in females
35
Q

variability of closure in males in females

A

-accounted for by activity of levator veli palatini

36
Q

passavants ridge variability

A
  • repaired cleft palate
  • velopharyngeal area encompassed by circle
  • passavants ridge bulging forward to make contact with elevated and retracted velum
37
Q

velopharyngeal closure may be assisted by

A
  • contact of velum against enlarged adenoid pad
  • typically found in children before adenoid involution occurs
  • when adenoid involution occurs in adolesence velum normally adapts to larger excursion required to achieve velopharyngeal closure
  • occasionally velum may not have sufficient size or mobility to contact adenoid pad as adenoid tissue involutes

SHS 300 (14 decks)

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