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SHS 300 > respiratory function > Flashcards

respiratory function Flashcards

1
Q

air exchange vs. ventilation

A

oxygen in CO2 out

accomplished by chemical diffusion

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2
Q

respiration is

A

mechanical

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3
Q

ventilation process that brings ____ air and removes ____ air

A

oxygenated, deoxygenated

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4
Q

speech rides on

A

the ventilation mechanism

as ability to ventilate is compromised so is speech

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5
Q

breathing proceeds automatically

A

controlled by medulla

active when sleeping, reading quietly, most of infancy

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6
Q

changes is pattern are volitional or innate

A

-must temporarily override basic life support pattern
learn a pattern that supports an activity *like speech
switch to a different automatic pattern for crying, laughing or swallowing

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7
Q

respiratory cycle

A

one inhalation and one exhalation (inspiration and expiration)
includes air exchange within lungs

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8
Q

quiet tidal respiration

A

12-18 cycles per minute

500 ml per cycle

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9
Q

active respiration

A

activity/stress induced changes

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10
Q

other modes of respiration

A

speech respiration
singing respiration
pathological patterns

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11
Q

contrast tidal vs. speech

A

quiet tidal breathing is the automatic respiration when at rest
symmetry of inhalation and exhalation
active muscle force during inhalation not exhalation

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12
Q

active force during respiration

A

muscle actions
muscle activity only required for inhalation during passive respiration
complex combos of muscle activity modify inhalations during speech, song, and for higher respiratory demands

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13
Q

passive force during respiration

A

elastic restoring forces drive passive exhalation always present

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14
Q

elasticity

A

the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed

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15
Q

gravity

A

assists exhalation in upright position

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16
Q

inhalation

A

contraction of inspiratory muscle expands lungs

creates negatice pressure within lungs relative to atmospheric pressure

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17
Q

pattern of air in inhalation

A
  • air is drawn into lungs
  • eventually reaches terminal bronchioles
  • oxygen rich air reaches alveoli
  • alveoli are the air exchange cells (300 million)
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18
Q

respiration mechanism

A

rich distribution of alveoli makes lungs spongy
-each alveolus supplied with capillaries from pulmonary artery
most inhalation through nose
-inhalation warms and moistends air which promotes air exchange
-contaminants within air are trapped by cilia within nose and mucus or picked up by lymphatic system

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19
Q

single passive respiration cycles:

diaphragm and ext intercostals contract

A

diaphragm fibers contract pulling down central tendon
increases vertical dimension of thorax
compresses abdominal contents

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20
Q

single passive respiration cycle:

external intercostals elevate ribs enlarging anteroposterior and lateral dimension of thorax

A

intercostals and intercartilaginous inter intercostals evert (rotate) ribcage
negative pleural pressure binds lungs to throacic cavity

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21
Q

single passive respiration cycle:

expansion of thorax expands lungs

A

generates a slight negative alveolar pressure within lungs relative to atmospheric pressure
air flows in until alveolar pressure equals atmospheric
muscles of inhalation cease activity

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22
Q

single passive respiration cycle:

passive forces of exhalation take over “elastic rebound”

A

abdomen rebounds pushing diaphragm upwards

rib cage untwists (rotates) bacj to original position through elastic rebound

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23
Q

single passive respiration cycle:

alveolar pressure rises slightly relative to atmospheric pressure

A

air is pushed out of the lungs

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24
Q

default mode of breathing

A

tidal breathing
an easy, slow, symmetrical pattern of air flow on inhalation and exhalation
-driven by a “circuit” in brainstem that seeks to achieve automatically

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25
Q

how does respiration change during speech

A

basic life support automatically over-ridden

respiration must now support the volational goal of info exchange

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26
Q

speech pattern breathing

A

becomes highly regular and sinks below awareness

27
Q

speech is ____ inspiration and a _________ expiration

A
  • active, passive & active

- exhalation slowed by “checking action” of inhalation muscles

28
Q

typical speech still does not stress respiratory system

A
  • typical speech requires higher volume of air exchange than quiet respiration
  • should never stress the healthy system
29
Q

speech vs tidal breathing

A

speech involves increased proportion of “vital capacity” relative to quiet respiration

  • air we use during functional activities
  • loud speech increases proportion of vital capacity
30
Q

pressure demands for speech

A
  • pressure required during exhalation

- air pressure generated with trachea below larynx - tracheal pressure

31
Q

minimum pressure to initiate phonation

A

2-3 cm H20

32
Q

conversational speech

A

7-10 cm H20

33
Q

loud speech, shouting and singing

A

15-20+ cm H20

34
Q

how do we control these pressures

A

elastic rebound of lungs and ribcage should set limits for passive forces

35
Q

different volumes of air are exchanged depending on the activity

A
  • certain volumes of air represent a reserve
  • air that can be drawn in or expelled
  • includes typical air exchange and volumes beyond this range
  • volumes and capacities can represent function and limits of respiration across entire range of air exchange
36
Q

volumes

A

discrete amount of air held in certain cavaties

  • do not overlap
  • volumes differ from person to person and change over time
37
Q

capacities

A

combinations of volumes that express functional range of system
-capacities include more than one volume and are more variable

38
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air exchanged during a single respiration cycle

39
Q

young adult males tidal volume

A

675-895 ml

40
Q

young adult females tidal volume

A

285-393 ml

41
Q

young adult males during light-heavy exertion

A

1670 ml - 2030 ml

42
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be inhaled beyond inspiratory reserve

1500-2500 ml

43
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a passive or quiet exhalation
(resting lung volume)

44
Q

residual volume

A

the amount of air remaining in the lungs and airways even after a maximum exhalation

  • a certain amount of air must fill trachea at any given time
  • cannot be expelled, cannot be used functionally, but provides necessary air in the lungs for gas exchange
45
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of all the volumes

-total amount of air that can be held in the lungs

46
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory level
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

47
Q

functional residual capacity

A

quantity of air in lungs at the resting expiratory level

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

48
Q

vital capacity

A

quantity of air that can be exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
-functional range of respiration
-encompasses all demands on respiration
-far exceeds speech respiration demands in normal hearing

49
Q

all respiration activities occur within

A

vital capacity

50
Q

young adult male vital capacity

A

4.6 liters

51
Q

young adult female vital capacity

A

3.1 liters

52
Q

athlete vital capacity

A

can expand range by 30-40%

53
Q

capacities and volumes _____ when lying down relative to standing

A

decrease

  • gravity no longer supports respiration
  • inhalation must work against gravity using muscle action
  • RLV decreases from standing to supine
  • elastic forces do not expand thorax to same degree
  • more effort required for inspiration
54
Q

levatores costarum

A

origin: tip of transverse process
insertion: attaches to superior border and external surface of rib
innervation: cranial and thoracic nerves
function: elevates ribs

55
Q

breathing apparatus

A

active forces: inhalation & exhalation

passive forces: inhalation & exhalation

56
Q

pulmonary apparatus

A

passive forces: exhalation

57
Q

chest wall

A

active forces: inhalation & exhalation

passive forces: inhalation & exhalation

58
Q

rib cage wall

A

active forces: inhalation & exhalation

passive forces: inhalation & exhalation

59
Q

diaphragm

A

active forces: inhalation

passive forces: inhalation

60
Q

abdominal wall

A

active forces: exhalation

passive forces: inhalation & exhalation

61
Q

pulmonary apparatus

A

passive
trachea
pulmonary airways
lungs

62
Q

chest wall

A 
active
rib cage wall
abdominal wall
diaphragm
chest wall
63
Q

pulmonary-chest wall unit

A

active & passive

64
Q

-speech can extend beyond resting lung volume (RLV) by

A

contracting muscles of expiration

SHS 300 (14 decks)

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