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SHS 300 > orientation ch. 1 > Flashcards

orientation ch. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anterior

A

towards front surface of the body

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2
Q

ventral

A

covers frontal surface of the body

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3
Q

posterior

A

towards the back of the body

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4
Q

dorsal

A

covers the back surface of the body

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5
Q

lateral

A

towards the side

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6
Q

frontal or coronal

A

along coronal suture, separates front and back

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7
Q

horizontal or axial

A

at transversus plane, divides upper from lower suture

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8
Q

saggital section

A

divides along side of the body at midline (midsaggital)

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9
Q

peripheral

A

away from the center of the body

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10
Q

superficial

A

towards the surface

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11
Q

distal

A

away from the midline

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12
Q

proximal

A

closer to the midline

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13
Q

medial

A

moving towards the midline

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14
Q

superior

A

above

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15
Q

inferior

A

below

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16
Q

flexion

A

bending ventral surfaces together

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17
Q

extension

A

separating ventral surfaces

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18
Q

adduct

A

bring together or move towards midline

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19
Q

abduct

A

separate or move away from midline

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20
Q

prone

A

lying face down

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21
Q

supine

A

lying face up

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22
Q

tissue

A

collection of cells

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23
Q

epithelial tissue

A

lining or superficial layer

skin membrane around tongue and larynx

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24
Q

connective tissue

A 
supportive function: fill space between other tissue
blood
bone
fat
cartilage
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25
Q

muscle tissue

A

specialized for contraction

generates mechanical force

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26
Q

striated skeletal

A

striped appearance
muscle used to move the skeleton and other structures
under voluntary control
-tongue and lips

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27
Q

smooth muscle

A

sheet like muscle
generates contractions of internal organs
NOT voluntary control

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28
Q

cardiac muscle

A

interconnected contractile cells
provide contractile force for heart
NOT under voluntary control

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29
Q

nervous tissue

A

highly specialized in brian and nerves
composed of neurons and glia
info processing and communication functions
CNC & PNS

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30
Q

tissue aggregates

A 
structures composed of tissue
fascia
ligaments
bones
tendons
joints
muscles
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31
Q

types of bone

A 
compact
-rigid exterior
spongy
-porous softer interior
-produces red and white blood cells and plasma
32
Q

ligaments

A

“binding”
hold organs in place and bind bones together
limited elasticity
bone to bone

33
Q

tendons

A 
attach muscle to bone and cartilage 
strong to resist tearing
stronger than contractile force of muscle
same shape as muscle
bone to muscle
34
Q

fibrous or synarthoidal joints

A

immobile with bones in direct contact

-suture - union between skull bones

35
Q

cartilaginous bones

A

cartilage provides union between bones

36
Q

synovial joints

A

MOST RELEVANT
allow mobility of structures
characterized by a fluid filled cavity
articular capsule also surrounds cavity

37
Q

synovial joints

A

articular capsule surrounds cavity
plane joints
spheroid joints
and condylar joints

38
Q

spheroid synovial joint

A

“ball and socket”

highly flexible allowing rotation and gliding

39
Q

condylar synovial joint

A 
shallower version of ball and socket
oval shaped and elliptical shaped
more limited movement and range
subtypes:
saddle
pivot
hinge
40
Q

abdomen or belly

A

mechanical contribution

41
Q

thorax (chest)

A

rib cage housing lungs

-air supply for speech and life

42
Q

neck

A

houses larynx and lower pharynx

43
Q

head

A

oral cavity, nasal cavity, skull, brain

44
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

synovial joint which is the only movable joint of the skull
condylar process into elliptical cavity
controls opening and closing of the mouth and rotatory mastication movements

45
Q

muscle contraction

A

muscles shorten

typically occurs around a joint

46
Q

most important speech movements

A

do NOT occur around joints instead muscles move soft tissue structure
-tongue, lips

47
Q

muscles are a collection of

A

muscle fibers

individual cells are grouped into fascicles

48
Q

muscles have _____ endings

A

tendinous

49
Q

all muscles have point of

A

origin and insertion

least mobile or most proximal is point of insertion

50
Q

all muscles are innervated by

A

motor nerve

motor nerve split into fibers that make contact with multiple fibers on a single muscle

51
Q

nerve fiber + muscle fiber =

A

motor unit

controls the rate and duration of muscle fiber contraction

52
Q

innervation ratio

A

number of muscle fibers contacted by a single nerve fiber
many fibers = high innervation ratio/crude control
few fibers = low innervation ratio/fine control

53
Q

force of contraction

A

determined by type of muscle fibers and how many contract

54
Q

larger muscle fibers with ____ innervation ratios produce ____ contractions

A

high, stronger

55
Q

smaller muscles with ____ and more numerous motor units permit more ___ _____ contractions

A

smaller, fine grained

56
Q

muscle tone

A

activity within nerve produces a certain amount of resting contractile tension
increasing tension increases tone
hypertonic and hypotonic

57
Q

agonist

A

muscle which moves in a given direction

58
Q

antagonist

A

muscle which opposes that direction

59
Q

synergists

A

muscles that cooperate for movement

60
Q

muscles produce _____ force in one _____ direction

A

mechanical, primary

61
Q

co-contraction

A

muscles contract at the same time
-can resist movement
can be counterproductive if agonist and antagonist contract together
-can be productive if one muscle stabilizes while the other produces a movement (synergizes)

62
Q

joint rotation

A

motion

result of muscles contracting around a joint

63
Q

joint + muscle is simple machine
applied force
fulcrum
lever

A

applied force - muscle contraction
fulcrum - joint
lever - bone that rotates around joint

64
Q

class 1 lever

A

applied force at one end, resistive force on other end and fulcrum is in middle
long arm - mechanical advantage
short arm - mechanical disadvantage
-arm extension

65
Q

class 2 lever

A

fulcrum at one extreme and applied force at other end with resistance in middle

  • force arm always longer than resistance arm
  • has mechanical advantage
  • jaw opening, middle ear bones
66
Q

class 3 lever

A

fulcrum at one end and resistive force at other end
- always has mechanical disadvantage
-most joints in the body
loses power but gains movement speed
-possible to move quickly with minimal contractions

67
Q

systems of speech encompass

A

respiratory system, resonance system, phonatory system, articulatory system

68
Q

**speech systems are overlaid on

A

basic life support systems
respiration and chewing/swallowing
respiration is air exchange for life

69
Q

exhalation of CO2

A

drives vibration of vocal folds to produce sound or resonance within oral cavity

70
Q

laryngeal systems prevent _____ _____ from entering the lungs

A

foreign objects

laryngeal closure allows for vibration of vocal folds

71
Q

mastication

A

breaks up food and passes it to esophagus

72
Q

actions of lips, tongue and jaw in chewing

A

have superimposed role for producing the sounds of speech

73
Q

systems largely function _____ and are generally _____

A

autonomously, incompatible

74
Q

oral cavity

A

tube extending for oral opening to beginning of throat ( faucial pillars)

  • roof is hard palate
  • floor is tongue
  • sides are teeth
  • largely region of speech sound formation
  • shape altered by tongue motion, jaw opening and lip shape
75
Q

pharyngeal cavity

A

throat

  • end of oral cavity to upper esophageal sphincter
  • tube surrounded on sides and back by muscle
  • anterior aspect is epiglottis and laryngeal inlet
  • roof is soft palate
  • oropharynx
  • nasopharynx
  • hypopharynx
  • shape of tube is altered for different speech sounds
76
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • nostrils open up into large spaces formed where numerous bones of the skull come together
  • large multilayered space critical for air exchange, filtering and mucous production
  • extends from nostril opening to nasal surface of soft palate
  • function in speech is nasal resonance for production of nasal consonants and vowels
  • separated from pharynx by soft palate and velum
77
Q

laryngeal cavity

A

houses the vocal folds and false vocal folds

SHS 300 (14 decks)

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