orientation ch. 1 Flashcards
anterior
towards front surface of the body
ventral
covers frontal surface of the body
posterior
towards the back of the body
dorsal
covers the back surface of the body
lateral
towards the side
frontal or coronal
along coronal suture, separates front and back
horizontal or axial
at transversus plane, divides upper from lower suture
saggital section
divides along side of the body at midline (midsaggital)
peripheral
away from the center of the body
superficial
towards the surface
distal
away from the midline
proximal
closer to the midline
medial
moving towards the midline
superior
above
inferior
below
flexion
bending ventral surfaces together
extension
separating ventral surfaces
adduct
bring together or move towards midline
abduct
separate or move away from midline
prone
lying face down
supine
lying face up
tissue
collection of cells
epithelial tissue
lining or superficial layer
skin membrane around tongue and larynx
connective tissue
supportive function: fill space between other tissue blood bone fat cartilage
muscle tissue
specialized for contraction
generates mechanical force
striated skeletal
striped appearance
muscle used to move the skeleton and other structures
under voluntary control
-tongue and lips
smooth muscle
sheet like muscle
generates contractions of internal organs
NOT voluntary control
cardiac muscle
interconnected contractile cells
provide contractile force for heart
NOT under voluntary control
nervous tissue
highly specialized in brian and nerves
composed of neurons and glia
info processing and communication functions
CNC & PNS
tissue aggregates
structures composed of tissue fascia ligaments bones tendons joints muscles
types of bone
compact -rigid exterior spongy -porous softer interior -produces red and white blood cells and plasma
ligaments
“binding”
hold organs in place and bind bones together
limited elasticity
bone to bone
tendons
attach muscle to bone and cartilage strong to resist tearing stronger than contractile force of muscle same shape as muscle bone to muscle
fibrous or synarthoidal joints
immobile with bones in direct contact
-suture - union between skull bones
cartilaginous bones
cartilage provides union between bones
synovial joints
MOST RELEVANT
allow mobility of structures
characterized by a fluid filled cavity
articular capsule also surrounds cavity
synovial joints
articular capsule surrounds cavity
plane joints
spheroid joints
and condylar joints
spheroid synovial joint
“ball and socket”
highly flexible allowing rotation and gliding
condylar synovial joint
shallower version of ball and socket oval shaped and elliptical shaped more limited movement and range subtypes: saddle pivot hinge
abdomen or belly
mechanical contribution
thorax (chest)
rib cage housing lungs
-air supply for speech and life
neck
houses larynx and lower pharynx
head
oral cavity, nasal cavity, skull, brain
temporomandibular joint
synovial joint which is the only movable joint of the skull
condylar process into elliptical cavity
controls opening and closing of the mouth and rotatory mastication movements
muscle contraction
muscles shorten
typically occurs around a joint
most important speech movements
do NOT occur around joints instead muscles move soft tissue structure
-tongue, lips
muscles are a collection of
muscle fibers
individual cells are grouped into fascicles
muscles have _____ endings
tendinous
all muscles have point of
origin and insertion
least mobile or most proximal is point of insertion
all muscles are innervated by
motor nerve
motor nerve split into fibers that make contact with multiple fibers on a single muscle
nerve fiber + muscle fiber =
motor unit
controls the rate and duration of muscle fiber contraction
innervation ratio
number of muscle fibers contacted by a single nerve fiber
many fibers = high innervation ratio/crude control
few fibers = low innervation ratio/fine control
force of contraction
determined by type of muscle fibers and how many contract
larger muscle fibers with ____ innervation ratios produce ____ contractions
high, stronger
smaller muscles with ____ and more numerous motor units permit more ___ _____ contractions
smaller, fine grained
muscle tone
activity within nerve produces a certain amount of resting contractile tension
increasing tension increases tone
hypertonic and hypotonic
agonist
muscle which moves in a given direction
antagonist
muscle which opposes that direction
synergists
muscles that cooperate for movement
muscles produce _____ force in one _____ direction
mechanical, primary
co-contraction
muscles contract at the same time
-can resist movement
can be counterproductive if agonist and antagonist contract together
-can be productive if one muscle stabilizes while the other produces a movement (synergizes)
joint rotation
motion
result of muscles contracting around a joint
joint + muscle is simple machine
applied force
fulcrum
lever
applied force - muscle contraction
fulcrum - joint
lever - bone that rotates around joint
class 1 lever
applied force at one end, resistive force on other end and fulcrum is in middle
long arm - mechanical advantage
short arm - mechanical disadvantage
-arm extension
class 2 lever
fulcrum at one extreme and applied force at other end with resistance in middle
- force arm always longer than resistance arm
- has mechanical advantage
- jaw opening, middle ear bones
class 3 lever
fulcrum at one end and resistive force at other end
- always has mechanical disadvantage
-most joints in the body
loses power but gains movement speed
-possible to move quickly with minimal contractions
systems of speech encompass
respiratory system, resonance system, phonatory system, articulatory system
**speech systems are overlaid on
basic life support systems
respiration and chewing/swallowing
respiration is air exchange for life
exhalation of CO2
drives vibration of vocal folds to produce sound or resonance within oral cavity
laryngeal systems prevent _____ _____ from entering the lungs
foreign objects
laryngeal closure allows for vibration of vocal folds
mastication
breaks up food and passes it to esophagus
actions of lips, tongue and jaw in chewing
have superimposed role for producing the sounds of speech
systems largely function _____ and are generally _____
autonomously, incompatible
oral cavity
tube extending for oral opening to beginning of throat ( faucial pillars)
- roof is hard palate
- floor is tongue
- sides are teeth
- largely region of speech sound formation
- shape altered by tongue motion, jaw opening and lip shape
pharyngeal cavity
throat
- end of oral cavity to upper esophageal sphincter
- tube surrounded on sides and back by muscle
- anterior aspect is epiglottis and laryngeal inlet
- roof is soft palate
- oropharynx
- nasopharynx
- hypopharynx
- shape of tube is altered for different speech sounds
nasal cavity
- nostrils open up into large spaces formed where numerous bones of the skull come together
- large multilayered space critical for air exchange, filtering and mucous production
- extends from nostril opening to nasal surface of soft palate
- function in speech is nasal resonance for production of nasal consonants and vowels
- separated from pharynx by soft palate and velum
laryngeal cavity
houses the vocal folds and false vocal folds
