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SHS 300 > respiratory anatomy > Flashcards

respiratory anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy must meet these requirements

A
  • must be able to alter volume of a chamber linked to atmosphere, to create airflow in and out
  • must be able to alter the rate and amount of volume change to meet differing bodily needs
  • must have some way for oxygen in the inhaled air to be absorbed into body and C02 expelled
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2
Q

lungs are composed of three main tissue componants

A
  • alveoli: tissue involved in air exchange
  • type I and II
  • bronchi: tubes that carry gases to and away from alveoli
  • vascular tissue: carrying blood to and from alveoli
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3
Q

lungs are composed of

A

lobes and lobules

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4
Q

right lung lobes

A

superior, middle, inferior

R upper R middle R lower

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5
Q

left lung lobes

A

superior, inferior

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6
Q

alveoli

A
  • tiny sacs involved in air exchange
  • 300 million alveoli in healthy lungs
  • each covered in about 2000 capillaries
  • capillary walls are thin promoting rapid gas exchange
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7
Q

alveoli

A

the branching and tiny alveoli allow large surface area that improves efficiency of gas exchange

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8
Q

trachea-bronchial tree

A
  • trachea is in wind pipe below larynx
  • stretches down neck into chest
  • within chest, trachea branches into right and left bronchi
  • first division of bronchi - lobar bronchi - enter each lung
  • these bronchi then divide into two branches which is repeated over and over again until the smallest divisions are reached
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9
Q

branching of bronchi

A
  • 14 divisions on left
  • 28 divisions on right
  • trachea and first 9 divisions have catilage smaller ones dont
  • final 7 divisions are respiratory zones
  • terminal bronchi are called bronchioles that end in alveolar ducts and lead to alveoli
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10
Q

pneumocytes

A
  • lung cells
  • line alveoli and do work
  • type I: membranous - primary job is gas exchange - max surface area to volume ratio
  • type II: cubodial - has more mass/volume to produce something - job is to produce surfactant
  • surfactant - reduces surface tension dramatically
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11
Q

trachea structure

A
  • combines stiffness for structure with flexibility for movement and adaptation
  • cartilaginois C - rings
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12
Q

internal lung structure

A
  • trachea
  • to bronchi
  • to bronchioles
  • to alveolar ducts and sacs
  • to alveoli
  • 70 sq. m surface area
  • GOAL maxamize surface area for gas exchange by dividing
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13
Q

internal lung structure: filtration

A
  • nasal hairs
  • goblet cells make mucous to trap pollutants
  • cilia - beat more than 1000 times per minute
  • lymphatic system = final defense
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14
Q

surfactant

A
  • secreted by type II pneumocytes
  • makes pleural linings adhere
  • why spongy tissue of lungs expands when thoracic cavity expands
  • allows negative pressure to be maintained
  • creates “suction” that allows thorax and lungs to move as unit
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15
Q

spine

A
  • combo of rigidity and flexibility
  • rigid structures support the ribs
  • muscles connecting to vertabrae also rigid
  • four main sections - 33 total
  • cervical (C1-C7)
  • thoracic ( T1-T12)
  • lumbar (L1-L5)
  • sacral (S1-S5)
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16
Q

cervical vertebra

A
  • transverse foramen conduct vertebral arteries
  • the superior and inferior articular facets link vertebra together connecting spine mechanically
  • necessary for support
  • uppermost vertebra is ATLAS that supports head
  • atlas and C2 comminucate
  • C3-C7 larger transverse and spinois processes
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17
Q

thoracic vertebra

A
  • 12 thoracic provide connections for the ribs and costal muscles
  • larger spinous and transverse processes
  • superior and inferior facts provide attachments for ribs
  • rib attachments EXCEPT 1 10 11 12
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18
Q

lumbar vertebra

A
  • larger structures to support ambulation and lifting
  • posterior fibers of the diaphragm attach to lumbar vertebra
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19
Q

muscles spanning ____ ____ and ____ can change dimension of lungs

A
  • scapula
  • clavicle
  • thorax
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20
Q

ribs

A

defining and protecting a changing volume

  • true 1-7
  • false 8-10
  • floating 11 12
  • upper ribs move as unit with sternum
  • lower ribs have more freedom
  • arthrodial joints with vertebrae
  • allow ribs to glide up and down but dont permit movement in any direction
  • terminate in cartilage that attaches to sternum
  • flexible cartilage allows twisting at front
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21
Q

rib cage or thorax is an ________ structure

mobility can

A

interconnected

overall expansion that increase volume and decrease pressure

compress the lungs resulting in decrease in presure

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22
Q

sternum

A
  • ribs curve around to join sternum in front closing ribcage
  • manubrium, corpus and xiphoid process
  • clavicle attaches superiorly to manubrium
  • 1st rib attaches to lateral edges
  • 2nd rib attaches at juncture between manubrium and corpis
  • 3-7 attach directly to corpus through cartilage
  • 8-10 attach indirectly through chrondal attachments
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23
Q

muscles of inspiration

A
  • diaphragm
  • rib cage elevators
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24
Q

diaphragm

A
  • contraction pulls tendons downwards and forwards
  • enlarges thorax vertically and circumerentially (elevates 6 lower ribs)
  • increases pressure on abdominal content
  • thick sheet of muscle that forms floor of thorax
  • separates abdoman and thorax
  • bowl shape, slightly lower on left
  • in center is central tendon
  • lateral muscles attach all around lower ribcage and circumference
  • MAJOR inhalation muscles
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25
Q

diaphragm

origins and insertions

A
  • origins
  • sternal part: xiphoid process: posterior surface
  • costal part: ribs 6-12 and their costal cartilages
  • lumbar part: 1. medial and lateral arcuate ligaments 2. vertebrae L1-L3
  • insertion
  • central tendon
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26
Q

diaphragm apertures

aortic aperture

A

most inferoposteroir opening located at the inferior border of T12 and slightly to the left of the midline

allows passing of descending aorta, thoracic duct, azygos and hemiazygous veins

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27
Q

diaphragm apertures

esophageal aperture

A

oval shaped middle opening of the diaphragm located in the right crus, at level of T10

-muscle fibers surround esophagus in vertical tube

**when diaphragm moves during inspiration, esophagus is contricted preventing reflux of gastric contents

-allows passage of esophagus, esophageal vessels, vagal trunks

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28
Q

diaphragm apertures

vena caval aperture

A

square shaped most superior opening located in the anterior edge of the diaphragm at the level of the intervertebral disc between T8 and T9

  • the vena cava adgeres to the opening so as the diaphragm contracts in inspiration the aperture widens, stretching the vena cava to facilitate blood flow
  • allows the passage of the inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve
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29
Q

diaphragm structure

A

high tensile strength

oriented vertically

attached to spine

-mostly muscular

30
Q

torque

A
  • force that leads to turning, rotating or twisting about an axis
  • ribs arent horizontal - not pulled straight up and down for respiration
  • ribs rotate about points of articulation with the spine and sternum/cartilage
  • contraction creates force
  • force along rib and force perpendicular to rib
  • forces equal in magnitude opposite in direction
  • force x distance
  • distance is greater on lower ribs to torque greater on lower ribs
  • lower rib rotates up
31
Q

mechanical advantage

A
  • a muscle can only make itself shorter or more tense
  • but it can produce (or resist) motion in a direction other than along its length by creating torque to produce (or resist) rotation
  • tension, and torque resisting tension, are how muscles contribute to stability
32
Q

muscles of inspiration

acting on ribs

A
  • serratus posterior superior
  • serratus anterior
  • levator costarum longis & brevis
  • scalenes anterior, posterior and middle
33
Q

muscles on inspiration

acting on sternum

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • pectoralis major and minor
  • subclavius
  • lateral iliocostal cervicis
34
Q

rib cage elevators

A
  • serratus anterior
  • serratus posterior superior
  • scalenus anterior
  • scalenus medius
  • scalenus posterior
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • pectoralis major and minor
35
Q

ribcage depressors

A
  • internal intercostals
  • transversus thoracis
  • serratus posterior inferior
  • lateral iliocostals
  • subcostals
  • innermost intercostals
  • quadratus lumborum
  • latissimus dorsi
  • lateral iliocostal thoracis
36
Q

muscles of expiration

A
  • must generate positive air pressure
  • must reduce thoracic volume by reducing radius or height
  • contained by
  • spine dorsally
  • pelvis caudally
  • iliac crest laterally
  • nowhere to go but UP against diaphragm
37
Q

muscles of expiration

reducing radius

A
  • innermost intercostals
  • subcostals
  • transversus thoracis
  • serratus posterior inferior
38
Q

abdominal muscles

A
  • rectus abdominus
  • pulls lower ribs and sternum downward and compresses abdominal wall
  • transversus abdominus
  • contraction forces front and side of abdominal wall inward
  • external oblique
  • pulls lower ribs down and abdomen inward
  • internal oblique
  • pulls lower ribs down and abdomen inward
39
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C4

40
Q

ansa cervicalis

A

C1-C3

41
Q

actions of pulmonary-chest wall unit account for

A

pressure changes during respiration

42
Q

pulmonary apparatus

A
  • lungs
  • bronchi
  • trachea up to VF
43
Q

chest wall

A
  • encases pulmonary unit
  • diaphragm
  • rib cage wall
  • abdominal wall
  • abdominal content
  • upper wall is thorax
  • lower wall is abdomen
44
Q

diaphragm movements

A
  • origin (lower 6 ribs) and central tendon of diaphragm are moveable
  • movements do not displace luung as readily as ribcage
45
Q

diaphragm forces

A
  • diaphragm can exert active inhalation force and passive inhalation forces only
  • active force flattens diaphragm expanding volume of pulmonary unit
  • when pulmonary unit is compressed diaphragm can recoil footward passively
46
Q

rib cage wall movements

A
  • a relatively flexible structure composed of costosternal joints and costovertebral joints
  • in front ribs move up
  • on sides ribs rotate up and outward
  • rotates around costovertebral joint
  • typically move as a unit or with a single degree of freedom
47
Q

rib cage wall forces

A
  • rib cage muscles can exert active inhalation or exhalation forces
  • degree and direction resulting from forces applied to rib cage depends on prevailing size
  • when rib cage is expanded there is less potential for expansion
  • when rib cage is compressed there is less potential for compression
  • increasing expansion increases potential for compression
  • rib cage muscles can adjust more rapidly and precisely for respiration than other muscle groups
48
Q

diaphragm + rib cage

A
  • contribute passively and actively
  • recoils inward at large chest sizes
  • recoils outward at small sizes
  • all rib cage muscles can inspire or expire at ANY rib cage volume
  • upper rib cage muscles and diaphragm inspire
  • lower rib cage and abdominal muscles expire
  • ability to expire or inspire is related to position of muscle along length-tnesion characteristic
49
Q

movements of abdominal wall and content

A
  • moves as unit
  • movements: bulge outward or pushed inward
  • bulging outward is PASSIVE
  • caused by flattening of diaphragm and contraction of ribcage wall
  • inward pushing is active AND passive
  • expansion of rib cage and elevation of diaphragm pulls abdomen inward
  • contraction of abdominal muscles
50
Q

abdominal wall forces

A
  • pushed outward passively by inspiration
  • recoil force developed by stretching
  • active forces due to abdominal muscles are a central force developing mechanism for exhalation
  • abdominal contents are not compressible so contents maintain a constant volume
51
Q

pulmonary - chest wall unit

A
  • actions of ribcage wall can cause adjustments in diaphragm and abdominal wall
  • expanding rib cage can pull on diaphragm and pulls abdominal contents inward
  • compression of rib cage flattens diaphragm and causes it to be forced outward
  • compression of abdominal contents during exhalation can force lower ribs outward
52
Q

controlled pressures

A
  • pressure can change during respiration
  • volitional movements of breathing can manipulate these forces
  • alveolar pressure
  • pleural pressure
  • abdominal pressure
  • transdiaphragmatic pressure
53
Q

external intercostals

A
  • origin: inferior surface of ribs 1-11
  • insertion: upper surface of rib immediately below
  • innervation: intercostal nerves-thoracic intercostal nerves arising from T1-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves from T7-T11
  • function: elevates ribs 1-11
54
Q

internal intercostals

inhalation

A
  • origin: inferior margin of ribs 1-11
  • insertion: superior surface of rib below
  • innervation: intercostal nerves- thoracic intercostal nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves T7-T11
  • function: elevates ribs 1-11
55
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A
  • origin: mastoid process of the temporal bone
  • insertion: superior manubrium sterni; clavicle
  • innervation: XI accessory, spinal branch arising from spinal cord in the regions of C2-C4/C5
  • function: elevates sternum and by association rib cage
56
Q

pectoralis minor

A
  • origin: anterior surface of ribs 2-5 near chondral margins
  • insertion: coracoid process of scapula
  • innervation: superior branch of the brachial plexus
  • function: increases transverse dimension of the rib cage
57
Q

pectoralis major

A
  • origin: sternal head; clavicular head; anterior clavicle
  • insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
  • innervation: superior branch brachial plexus
  • function: elevates sternum and subsequently increases transverse dimension of rib cage
58
Q

scalenus anterior

A
  • origin: transverse process of vertebrae C3-C6
  • insertion: superior surface of rib 1
  • innervation: C4-C6
  • function: elevates rib 1
59
Q

scalenus medius

A
  • origin: transverse process of vertebrae C2-C7
  • insertion: superior surface of first rib
  • innervation: cervical plexus derived from C3 and C4 and spinal nerves C5-C8
  • function: elevates rib 1
60
Q

scalenus posterior

A
  • origin: transverse process of C5-C7
  • insertion: second rib
  • innervation: spinal nerves C5-C8
  • function: elevates rib 2
61
Q

subclavius

A
  • origin: inferior surface of the clavicle
  • insertion: superior surface of rib 1 at chondral margin
  • innervation: brachial plexus, lateral branch, from fifth and sixth spinal nerves
  • function: elevates rib 1
62
Q

serratus anterior

A
  • origin: ribs 1-9, lateral surface of the thorax
  • insertion: inner vertebral border of scapula
  • innervation: brachial plexus, long thoracic nerve from C5-C7
  • function: elevates ribs 1-9
63
Q

serratus posterior superior

A
  • origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3
  • insertion: just beyond angles of ribs 2-5
  • innervation: ventral intercostal portion of spinal nerves T1 - T4/T5
  • function: elevates ribs 2-5
64
Q

internal intercostals

depressor

A
  • origin: inferior margin of ribs 1-11
  • insertion: superior surface of ribs below
  • innervation: intercostal nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves from T7-T11
  • function: depresses ribs 1-11
65
Q

innermost intercostal

A
  • origin: superior margin of ribs 1-11
  • insertion: superior surface of rib below
  • innervation: intercostal nerves-thoracic nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves T7-T11
  • function: depresses ribs 1-11
66
Q

quadratus lumborum

A
  • origin: Iliac crest
  • insertion: transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and inferior border of rib 12
  • innervation: thoracic nerve T12 and L1-L4 lumbar nerves
  • function: bilateral contraction fixes the abdominal wall in support of abdominal compression
67
Q

latissimus dorsi

A
  • origin: lumbar, sacral and lower thoracic vertebrae
  • insertion: humerus
  • innervation: brachial plexus, posterior branch; fibers from the regions of C6-C8 form the long subscapular nerve
  • function: for respiration, stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration
68
Q

transversus abdominis

A
  • origin: posterior abdominal wall at the vertebral column via the thoracolumbar fascia of the abdominal aponeurosis
  • insertion: inner surface of ribs 6-12, fibers of diaphragm, inferior attachment at pubis
  • innervation: thoracic and lumbar nerves from lower spinal intercostal nerves and first lumbar nerves, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinl branches
  • function: compresses abdomen
69
Q

rectus abdominis

A
  • origin: originates as 4 or 5 segments at pubis inferiorly
  • insertion: xiphoid process of sternim and cartilage of ribs 5-7, lower ribs
  • innervation: T7-T11 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve from T12
  • function: flexion of vertebral column
70
Q

rectus abdominis

A
  • origin: originates as 4 or 5 segments at pubis inferiorly
  • insertion: xiphoid process of sternum and cartilage of ribs 5-7, lower ribs
  • innervation: T7-T11 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve from T12
  • function: flexion of vertebral column
71
Q

external oblique abdominis

A
  • origin: osseous portion of the lower 7 ribs
  • insertion: Iliac crest, inguinal ligament and abdominal aponeurosis lateral to rectus abdominis
  • innervation: thoracoabdominal nerve arising from T7-T11 and subcostal nerve from T12
  • function: bilateral contraction flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen, unilateral contraction results in trunk rotation
72
Q

internal oblique abdominis

A
  • origin: inguinal ligament and iliac crest
  • insertion: cartilaginous portion of lower ribs and portion of the abdominal aponeurosis lateral to rectus abdominis
  • innervation: thoracic and lumbar nerves from lower spinal intercostal nerves and first lumber nerves, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal branches
  • function: rotates trunk, flexes trunk, compresses abdomen

SHS 300 (14 decks)

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