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SHS 300 > larynx function > Flashcards

larynx function Flashcards

1
Q

larynx is a

A

sphincter

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2
Q

sphincters are

A

biological valves

-open and closing allows certain basic and higher biological functions

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3
Q

unique aspects of laryngeal sphincter

A
  • cartilaginous frame
  • opposing functions for basic life functions
  • superimposed role for speech
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4
Q

inhalation/exhalation

A
  • larynx opens to allow air in and out of lungs
  • larynx closes to protect airway from foreign substances
  • larynx remains open during most non-speech respiration
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5
Q

coughing

A

forceful closing of vocal folds and downwards rocking of arytenoids

  • high subglottal pressure generated
  • pressure blows VFs apart to hopefully expel substance and keep airway clear
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6
Q

glottal stop

A

tiny communicative cough

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7
Q

swallowing

A

VFs closed

-epiglottis descends and larynx pulled up to shut laryngeal inlet

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8
Q

each of these functions are

A

reflexive

-can be modified to some extent during different activities

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9
Q

phonation

A

self sustained oscillation of the VFs for speech or song

  • an intentional, volitional act
  • phonation is NOT another word for speech
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10
Q

VF vibrations occur for

A

speech
song
emotional vocalizations
-VF oscillation that occurs during emotional vocalizations are not volitional
-each of these has distinctive neural correlates

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11
Q

vocalization is

A

general term that can encompass VF oscillation

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12
Q

vocal fold characteristics ____ and ____ determine ____ ____ and ____ of speech and sound

A

muscle tension and Psub
frequency, loudness, and quality
-vowels, semi-vowels, liquids and voiced consonants
-transmit tiny puffs of air to vocal tract that excites air column

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13
Q

determines pitch of voice

A

fundamental frequency F0

BUT VF vibration is a biomechanical event while pitch is a percept

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14
Q

vocal fold characteristics

A
  • VF change in mass and length over a lifespan
  • males spike in puberty and are longer than females
  • grow exponentially as infant than plateau
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15
Q

vibrations of VFs is a ____ process

A

passive

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16
Q

active processes

A

adducting, changing length/tension, abducting

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17
Q

conditions for initiating phonation

A

-VF adduction or vocal attack
-LCA causes artyenoids to rock together bringing folds towards midline
(voluntary for speech involuntary for laughing crying etc)
-Psub>Psupra (transglottal pressure difference)
-Psub > Laryngeal resistance

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18
Q

phonation pressure threshold

A

minimun pressure (lung pressure) required to initiate phonation
3-5 cm H20
-higher pressures necessary to maintain typical and loud speech
-if pressure is equalized above and below glottis phonation will stop

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19
Q

VF cycle

A

one phenomena

  • begin with adducted folds
  • transglottal pressure difference causes inferior vocal folds to begin separating
  • opening pressure transmitted to superior fold
  • puff of air released into supraglottal cavity
  • bottom of vocal folds come back together followed by upper folds
  • cycle repeats
20
Q

sustaining phonation requires

A

-VFs be actively approximated at midline
-power source maintained (Psub)
-asymmetrics in vocal fold oscillation
-differences in how energy is transferred to the tissue during opening vs closing of the VF
adduction force allows pressure below glottis to build up - Psub
-once Psub > Psupra VF are blown apart passively
-breif period of opening dissipates pressure difference
-VFs come back together

21
Q

what causes VFs to come back together

A

elastic restoring forces

-elasticity in the tissues

22
Q

non-linear interactions

A
  • pattern of cover body coupling changes over vocal fold cycle
  • different glottal shapes & bernoulli effect
  • convergent pattern in opening allows intraglottal pressure to build up
  • VFs separate
23
Q

divergent pattern in closing reduces ____ _____

A

intraglottal pressure

-bernoulli effect reduces intraglottal pressure during closing

24
Q

bernoulli effect

A

as air passes through VFS the velocity increase while pressure decrease, this allows VFS to come back together
**pressure difference
velocity increases between glottis because pressure drops can increase in VFS coming back together
return to midline during phonation

25
Q

terminating phonation

A
  • increased glottal resistance
  • insufficent air support
  • VFs characteristically rocked away from midline
26
Q

frequency control

A
  • TA - internal control
  • CT - external control
  • stylohyoid - external control
  • adjust the length and tension of the vocal folds
  • as vocal folds are stretched the effective mass is reduced contributing to a higher resonant freq
27
Q

sub-tracheal pressure

A
  • increasing subtracheal pressure can increase F0
  • secondary mechanism because an increse in 1 cm H20 of lung pressure only increases F0 by 2-4 Hz
  • inefficient: an octave change would require an increase 30-60 cm H20
28
Q

3 ways to control loudness

A
  • changes made below the larynx (breath control, changing lung pressure)
  • changes made in the larynx (activity in the laryngeal muscles)
  • changes made above the larynx (adjustments in the vocal tract)
29
Q

loudness vs intensity

A
  • intensity and SPL are physical measures of the amplitude of a signal (acoustic)
  • loudness is tha auditory-perceptual correlate of intensity (pitch vs F0)
30
Q

changes made below the larynx

A
  • lung pressure: vocalists can also increase volume by putting more air through their vocal instruments
  • glottal source power increases by 6 dB for every doubling of the lung pressure above the minimum pressure necessary to start sustained phonation
31
Q

changes made IN larynx

A
  • increasing medial compression of the VF increases intensity
  • intensity increases 6 dB with each doubling of pitch which equates to a difference of over 12 dB over the average opera singers range
  • high notes sung with high lung pressures will tend to be the loudest sounds a vocalist can produce
32
Q

muscles that can increase medial compression

A
  • LCA & CT
  • necessary to contain increasing tracheal pressure
  • causes VFs to separate faster, return to midline faster, and stay closed longer
  • pattern increases efficiency in converting energy from tracheal pressure into acoustic energy
33
Q

changes made ABOVE larynx

A

-opening up the oral tract is associated with increases in intensity
-widening the pharynx, closing the VP port, lowering the tongue, opening the jaw
megaphone effect: lowers radiation impedance so acoustic energy is radiated more effectively

34
Q

simultaneous attack

A

-coordination between VF closure and expiratory pressure buildup are time aligned - ‘zany’

35
Q

breathy attack

A

expiration starts before VF adduction ‘harry’

36
Q

glottal attack

A

VF adduction begins before expirations
mostly for affect
(stressed words, Okay!)

37
Q

hard glottal attack

A
  • VFs come together with excessive force

- can produce long term damage

38
Q

breathy phonation

A
  • VFs are not fully adducted for speech

- sometimes occurs when posterior VFs do not close in women (glottal chink)

39
Q

attack

A

way in which phonation is initiated

40
Q

phonation registers

A

different perceptual voice qualities that correspond to changes in phonation

41
Q

modal register

A

pattern of phonation used for normal speech

  • uses typical pattern of opening/closing
  • sustainable range of muscle tension
  • can even produce high pitches within this register
  • singers are trained to produce modal register throughout pitch range
42
Q

glottal fry

A

2nd and lowest register

  • ultra low range of vocal fold vibration (<90 Hz)
  • not typical for speech
  • requires loosely adducted floppy VFs
  • low sub-glottal air pressure
43
Q

falsetto

A

third and highest register

  • squeaky voice
  • extremely high range of pitch for an individual
  • vocal folds are extremely long and thin
  • shape may be bowed and many not even contract
44
Q

whistle

A

register above falsetto

-VF crease to vibrate and air whistles through narrow opening

45
Q

pressed phonation

A

medial compression is greatly increased

  • produces a harsh sharp quality
  • habitual pressed voice is damaging to VF tissue in long and short run
46
Q

breathy phonation

A

results from when the VFs do not completely close

  • air escapes between folds
  • adds noise to vocal quality
  • inefficient air usage that also make voice softer
  • not damaging if behavioral BUT could result in growths on VFs
47
Q

whisper phonation

A
  • phonation does NOT occur at whisper
  • VFs are forcefully abducted to prevent vibration
  • air passing over VFs becomes turbulent producing a sound
  • turbulent sound source shaped by vocal tract
  • inefficient use of air and fatiguing to larynx

SHS 300 (14 decks)

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