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SHS 300 > anatomy of tongue > Flashcards

anatomy of tongue Flashcards

1
Q

tongue

A
  • massive structure that occupies floor of mouth
  • extends from tip back to extreme portion of oropharynx (hyoid bone)
  • composed entirely of muscle internally
  • covered in membrane and taste organs
  • split in half by median fibrous septum
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2
Q

general functions

A
  • position food for mastication
  • propel bolgus backward for deglutition
  • oral clearing
  • taste platform
  • shape oral cavity for most vowels and consonants
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3
Q

superior surface

A
  • dorsum
  • surface within oral cavity is oral surface (2/3)
  • surface is oropharynx is pharyngeal surface (1/3)
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4
Q

interior surface

A

-ventral
basic subdivisions
-tip, blade and root
-tip, anterior body, posterior body, base

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5
Q

dorsal surface

A
  • tongue surface divided in half by median suture
  • terminates in a pit/depression called foramen cecum - terminal sulcus arises on both sides of foramen cecum
  • divides oral and pharyngeal surface posterior and anterior surfaces are quite different
  • differentiated embryologically
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6
Q

mucuous membrance

A
  • clearly different from skin
  • inferior surface has a thin membrane to most of oral tract
  • membrane on pharyngeal surface is thicker by movable
  • anterior dorsal membrane is thin and closely attached to underlying muscles
  • membrane consists of deep layer called corium
  • extends throughout musculature of tongue
  • dense, elastic connective tissue that forms part of a skeleton for tongue
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7
Q

anterior dorsal surface

A

-covered by lingual papillae
-tiny growths from tongue epidermis that give surface a rough shape
4 types of papillae
-10 vallate papillae just anterior to terminal sulcus
-largest papillae that contain taste buds at their periphery
-fungiform papillae are found at sides and tip
-covered in secondary papillae with liberal distribution of taste buds
-filliform papillae are most common
-form lines or rows that parallel the vallate papillae
-simple papillae cover the entire membranous surface as well as the surface of other papillae

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8
Q

papillae give surface a rough appearance

A
  • taste receptors are chemoreceptors (sweet,salty,sour,bitter and umami)
  • some distribution of sweet receptors towards front, bitter towards back
  • but actually distributed across tongue
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9
Q

3 cranial nerves convey taste info

A

-CN VII - anterior tongue and palate
-CN IX - posterior tongue
CN X - epiglottis taste buds
-nerves project to solitary tract nucleus in brainstem

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10
Q

posterior surface

A
  • corresponds to posterior 1/3 of tongue or pharyngeal tongue
  • smoother in appearance than anterior surface
  • somewhat nodular because it contains numerous mucuous glands
  • relatively minor taste function compared to anterior tongue due to fewer taste buds
  • sensory innervation of posterior is different from anterior - glossopharyngeal nerve - CN IX
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11
Q

ventral surface

A
  • prominent central band of tissue joins inferior tongue to mandible - lingual frenulum
  • may have a stability function
  • inferior surface of tongue has rich vascular supply
  • lateral to frenulum are sublingual folds
  • proximal to these folds are sublingual and submandibular salivary gland ducts
  • lingual tonsils lie below pharyngeal surface
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12
Q

unique set of muscles

A
  • complex arrangements allow wide range of shape and position modifications (protean quality)
  • alternation of tongue shape relative to oral cavity allow for most of the subtle alterations in acoustic patterns
  • all muscles are paired
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13
Q

can be differentially affected by neural pathologies

A

-indicated by uncontrolled deviatons to one side

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14
Q

intrinsic

A
  • superior longitudinal
  • inferior longitudinal
  • transverse
  • vertical
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15
Q

superior longitudinal

A
  • runs along upper length of tongue
  • origin: fibrous tissue near epiglottis, hyoid and median septum
  • insertion: runs forward and fans laterally to insert in tip and sides
  • action:
  • bilateral contraction elevates and curves tip
  • unilateral contraction pulls tongue to side of contraction
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16
Q

transverse

A
  • from median septum to side of tongue
  • some fibers continue into palatopharyngeus
  • pulls edges towards midline narrowing tongue
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17
Q

vertical

A
  • runs perpendicular to transverse
  • intertwines or interdigitates with transverse
  • course from base of tongue into membranous cover
  • flattens tongue
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18
Q

inferior longitudinal

A
  • runs from hyoid tip to below verticalis and transversus, mostly along sides of tongue
  • pulls tongue downwards
  • assists in retracting tongue when co-contracted with superior longitudinal
  • unilateral contraction pulls tongue to ipsilateral side
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19
Q

extrinsic muscles ____ while intrinsic muscles ___

A
  • move tongue from one position to another

- provide elaborate shaping

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20
Q

extrinsic muscles

A
  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • chondroglossus
  • palatoglossus
21
Q

genioglossus

A
  • prime mover: largest muscle providing most of the mobility of the tongue
  • bulk of lower medial tongue
  • arises from symphysis of inner mandible at mental spine
  • fans outward and upward to front, dorsum and back of tongue along with hyoid body
  • not extreme tip
22
Q

genioglossus actions

A
  • composed of anterior and posterior muscle fiber groups
  • contraction of entire muscle pulls tongue downwards (concave shape)
  • anterior fiber contraction retracts tongue
  • posterior fiber contraction pulls tongue forward either to contact the palate or upper teeth, or push tongue out of mouth
23
Q

hyoglossus

A
  • arises from greater cornu of hyoid
  • runs upward and laterally to genioglossus to insert in sides of tongue
  • thin quadrilateral muscle sheet
  • pulls sides of tongue downwards and backwards or can pull hyoid upwards
24
Q

chondroglossus

A
  • arises from hyoid (lesser cornu) and sometimes considered part of hyoglossus
  • interdigitates with intrinsics
  • pulls tongue downwards
25
Q

styloglossus

A
  • small muscle arising from anterolateral margin of styloid process (temporal bone)
  • courses forwards and downwards to insert within inferior sides of tongue
  • one part interdigitates w/hyoglossus
  • one part w/inferior longitudinal
  • pulls tongue up and back
  • assists in forming central groove
  • antagonist of genioglossus
26
Q

palatoglossus

A
  • forms anterior faucial pillar (palatoglossal arch)
  • courses from anterior surface of soft palate through faucial pillar to insert on posterolateral tongue body
  • contraction:
  • lowers soft palate if tongue is stabilized
  • raises sides of tone to form groove if palate stabilized
27
Q

course of hypoglossal nerve CN XII

A
  • exits medial medulla through multiple rootlets
  • exits cranium through hypoglossal canal
  • joined by superior fibers from ansa cervicalis
  • passes close to genioglossus surface and proceeds to innervate target m’s
  • exclusively contralateral innervation
28
Q

articulatory parameters

A
  • shaping and positioning of tongue is difficult to predict solely form course of muscles
  • tongue is not a bone controlled by joint rotations
  • deformable muscular hydrostat
  • elephant trunk
  • control of tongue is remarkable accomplishment
29
Q

lingual articulatory parameters

A
  • tongue moves forward and back
  • body is pulled up or down
  • tip is extended or approximates palate or is flattened
  • tongue body is made concave or convex
  • tongue is grooved or curled
  • tip - body motions can be independent or temporarily overlapping
30
Q

tongue motion

A
  • can bunch, protrude, retract, wag, curl at tip, form a midline groove, and explore oral cavity
  • multiple degrees of freedom
31
Q

body of tongue motion

A
  • anterior - posterior
  • inferior - superior
  • convex - concave
32
Q

tongue tip motion

A

-tip flexion - extension

33
Q

tongue blade motion

A
  • grooving

- flattening - compacting

34
Q

brains movement goal

A
  • may not be the same as the way we try to categorize them
  • goal may be to reshape tongue to achieve particular acoustic goal
  • still associating tongue movements with a particular phonetic categories is an important exercise
35
Q

tongue tumors

A
  • certain tumors benign but many malignant
  • any growths or tissue changes ontongue need to be investigated
  • carcinoma refers to a cancerous tumor
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • tongue cancer most common males 50-70
  • incidence increasing in women
36
Q

tongue cancer risk factors

A
  • chronic irritation:
  • smoking, sepsis, spices, alcohol
  • precancerous lesions:
  • shyphillis, glossitis, dental ulcers and papilloma
  • poor oral hygiene and malnutrition
  • betel chewing
37
Q

risk factors for laryngeal carcinomas

A
  • tongue cancer
  • most common for lesions is anterior 2/3 and side of tongue
  • posterior lesions in midline
38
Q

neurological impairments

A
  • two categories

- UMN vs LMN

39
Q

bilateral vs unilateral impairments

A
  • tongue always deviates to weak or inactive side
  • if lesion is in CNS tongue will deviate to contralateral side
  • if lesion affects hypoglossal nerve or neuromuscular junction tongue will deviate to ipsilateral side
40
Q

lisping

A
  • developmental speech pattern in which /s,z/ characteristically distorted
  • interdental lisp - th instead of s
  • tongue tip between teeth
  • lateral lisp
  • /s,z/ produced with escaping air over side of tongue
  • adds characteristic noise and fricative signal may not be introduced
  • palatal lisp
  • attempt to make fricative by contracting palate instead of forming anterior groove
41
Q

typically evident lisps

A
  • early development
  • genetically mediateed
  • may develop when anterior baby teeth lost
42
Q

articulation therapy

A
  • needed in most cases
  • variable success rate depending on age of intervention
  • be aware that tongue thrust is a different condition
  • immature swallow pattern that is not suppressed
  • will cause potentially significant dental problems and could result in interdental lisp
43
Q

treatments

A
  • radiotherapy
  • tumors on posterior or inoperable cases
  • surgery
  • lesion at tip of tongue or 2/3 anterior
44
Q

prognosis

A
  • LN negative with tumors in ant. 2/3 50% 5 year survival

- patient with posterior 1/3 tongue and negative LN 20-25% 5 year survival

45
Q

ankyloglossia

A
  • tongue tie
  • congenital due to short frenulum linguae
  • not common cause of speech defect but can compromise consonants
  • movements impaired
  • frenulum divided transversely then closed vertically
46
Q

hairy tongue

A
  • defective clearing of dying filiform papillae
  • black hairy tongue appearance
  • poor oral hygiene, tooth loss, tobacco, compromised immune system
  • resolved by improve oral hygiene, tongue scraper
47
Q

aglossia

A

missing tongue

48
Q

bifid tongue

A

-split in middle

SHS 300 (14 decks)

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