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Histology > Soft Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Soft Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Why is connective tissue unusual to other major tissues?

A

It consists of cells embedded in large quantities of extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Protein fibres, amorphous ground substance and tissue fluid

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3
Q

Functions of connective tissue?

A

Space filler and mechanical support, Attachment and protection, highways for nutrients, main fat story and calcium store and site of many immunological defence reactions

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4
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A

Soft connective tissue, hard connective tissue and blood and lymph

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5
Q

Where is soft tissue found?

A

Tendons, ligaments, mesentery, storm of organs and dermis of the skin

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6
Q

Where is hard tissue found?

A

Bone and cartilage

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7
Q

What are the resident cells of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteocytes and chondrocytes

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8
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Cells of bone

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9
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cells of cartilage

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10
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Elongated cells with tapered ends that are widely distributed

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11
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

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12
Q

What effect does tissue damage have on fibroblasts?

A

Proliferate

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13
Q

What are fibroblasts important in?

A

Wound repair

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14
Q

What are fibroblasts responsible for?

A

Synthesis of collagen, elastic and reticular fibres and the complex carbohydrates of the ground substance

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15
Q

What is the structure of an adipose cell?

A

Single giant fat droplet

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16
Q

What do adipose cells release and where to?

A

Fatty acid into the bloodstream to provide energy for other cells.

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17
Q

Where are adipocytes found?

A

Scattered in many connective tissues

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18
Q

What type of cells are the predominant cells of adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes

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19
Q

Adipocytes are also called?

A

White fat or unilocular fat

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20
Q

Where is brown fat found?

A

Foetus and neonate

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21
Q

What do cells in brown fat contain?

A

Many small fat droplet and numerous mitochondria

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22
Q

When brown fat is oxidised what occurs?

A

A large amount of heat is produced known as non-shivering thermogenesis

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23
Q

What is another name for brown fat?

A

Multiocular fat

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24
Q

Adipose tissue characteristics?

A

Largest store of energy in the body, continuous state of turnover and is sensitive to both hormonal and nervous stimuli

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25
Q

What layer of adipose tissue helps to shape the body?

A

Subcutaneous layer

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26
Q

Intermediate cell found during wound healing?

A

Myofibroblast

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27
Q

What actions does the myofibroblast carry out during wound repair?

A

Cause wound contraction by producing collagen fibres and tugging on them to draw together the wound margins

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28
Q

What are the immigrant cells?

A

Leukocytes and mast cells

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29
Q

What are the types of Leukocytes found in connective tissue?

A

Lymhocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes and macrophages

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30
Q

Leukocytes are?

A

White blood cells

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31
Q

Where do the leukocytes migrate from?

A

The blood stream

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32
Q

What causes an increase in leukocytes?

A

Inflammation or infection

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33
Q

Where do mast cells originate from?

A

A type of leukocyte

34
Q

Mast cells contain?

A

Granules of hers-in, histamine and substances that stimulate inflammation and attract white blood cells.

35
Q

What is responsible for the symptoms of an allergic reaction?

A

Histamine

36
Q

What type of leukocyte leaves the blood stream in response to infection?

A

Neutrophils

37
Q

What type of leukocyte is found in increased number during allergic reactions and parasitic diseases?

A

Eosinophils

38
Q

What transient cell is found in connective tissue?

A

Macrophages

39
Q

Characteristics of macrophages?

A

Derived from monocytes in the bone marrow, monocytes transform into macrophages in the connective tissue, proliferate locally, are phagocytic cells and have a body wide distribution

40
Q

What does the presence of histamine cause?

A

Increases the permeability of small blood vessels and in airways, cause increased mucous production and smooth muscle contraction.

41
Q

Mast cells are sensitive to?

A

Foreign proteins and so they rapidly release their content when they are detected.

42
Q

What are the cells that react in hay fever and asthma?

A

Mast cells

43
Q

What cell is also called a basophil?

A

Leukocyte

44
Q

What are the smallest cells present in connective tissue called?

A

Lymphocytes

45
Q

Lymphocytes appear as?

A

A small nucleus with almost no cytoplasm surround it

46
Q

Where are large number of lymphocytes found?

A

The gut

47
Q

What do B lymphocytes give rise to?

A

Plasma cells

48
Q

Where are the plasma cells found?

A

Site of infection

49
Q

Composition of plasma cells?

A

Large oval cells rich in rER and a basophilic cytoplasm

50
Q

What are plasma cells responsible for?

A

Synthese of antibodies found in the blood stream

51
Q

What actions are caused by plasma cells?

A

Neutralise harmful antigens, render toxins harmless, promote phagocytosis and protect the body from micro-organisms.

52
Q

What are the fibres of the extracellular matrix made of?

A

Collage reticular and elastic fibres.

53
Q

What is ground substance?

A

An amorphous space occupying material

54
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

Unbranched polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), most of which are bound to protein cores to form glycoproteins.

55
Q

What abundant proteins consists of 30-40% in the body?

A

Collagen

56
Q

Where is collagen synthesised?

A

In the fibroblasts

57
Q

What is collagen formed from?

A

Three polypeptide chains

58
Q

Characteristics of collagen?

A

Inelastic, most common form is type I which has tensile strength similar to mild steel, making a tissue that is flexible and strong

59
Q

Reticular fibres are?

A

Thin fibres made of Type III collagen that form a support network

60
Q

In which organs can you find reticular fibres?

A

Liver, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow

61
Q

What fibres provide elasticity to tissue?

A

Elastic fibres

62
Q

What are elastic fibres made from?

A

Elastin protein and microfibril fibrillar which forms coils.

63
Q

What results from cross links between elastin molecules?

A

An elastic array of fibres

64
Q

Where are elastic fibres found?

A

In blood vessels providing elastic support and giving them recoil

65
Q

Characteristics of GAGs?

A

Linear polysaccharides bound covalently to a protein core, coming a proteoglycan molecule

Intensely hydrophilic due to presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulphate groups

Trap water so are resistant to compression

66
Q

What do GAGs provide for the extracellular matrix?

A

Turgor and determine the diffusion of substances through the matrix

67
Q

Functions of structural glycoproteins?

A

Bind molecules on the surface of cells as well as extracellular matrix components so establish structural continuity between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

68
Q

Most common glycoprotein?

A

Fibronectin, laminin and chondronectin

69
Q

Function of fibronectin?

A

Bind ECM to ECM

70
Q

Where is laminin found?

A

Basal Lamina

71
Q

Where is chondronectin found?

A

In cartilage

72
Q

What type of connective tissue is mesenchyme?

A

Embryonic connective tissue

73
Q

Mesenchyme differentiates into cells that?

A

Become fibroblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes

74
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Loosely packed fibres separated by abundant ground substance

75
Q

Examples of where loosed connective tissue is found?

A

Mesentery, Adipose tissue and storm of many organs

76
Q

What is loose connective tissue also known as?

A

Areolar tissue

77
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

Densely packed bundles of collagen fibres.

78
Q

What are the different types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular and dense irregular

79
Q

Example of dense regular?

A

Tendon

80
Q

Example of dense irregular?

A

Dermis of the skin

81
Q

Dense regular connective tissue?

A

Densely packed aligned collagen fibres

82
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Densely packed collagen fibres that run in many directions

Histology (10 decks)

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