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Histology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems within the circulatory system?

A

The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic vascular system

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2
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

A close system consisting of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins

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3
Q

Functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transport of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
Transports of CO2 and other metabolic waste from tissues.
Temperature regulation
Distribution of hormones and immune cells
Reproductive function in male

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4
Q

Percentage of periphery arteries in the system?

A

10%

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5
Q

Percentage of capillaries in the system?

A

5%

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6
Q

Percentage of heart and lungs in the system?

A

20%

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7
Q

Percentage of peripheral veins in the system?

A

65%

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8
Q

What are the three layers to the blood vessels?

A

Inner, middle and outer layer

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9
Q

What is the inner layer of the blood vessels?

A

Tunica initima - squamous epithelial cells termed endothelial cells.

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10
Q

What is the middle later of the blood vessels?

A

Tunica media - made of smooth muscle

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11
Q

What is the outer layer of the blood vessels?

A

Tunica adventitia - made of supporting connective tissue

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12
Q

What is the tunica intima separated from?

A

The tunica media by a layer of elastic tissue called internal elastic membrane

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13
Q

What is the tunica media separated from?

A

The tunica adventitia by the external elastic membrane

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14
Q

What are the largest arteries termed?

A

Elastic arteries

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15
Q

Why are the elastic arteries the largest?

A

They have sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil

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16
Q

In large vessels, what part can only obtain nutrients?

A

The lumen

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17
Q

What are the large vessels artery supply called?

A

Vasa vasonum

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18
Q

What layers are in the arterioles?

A

One or two layers of smooth muscle in tunica media and almost no adventita

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19
Q

Function of arterioles?

A

To control blood flow in the tissue

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20
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Endothelial cells and a basal lamina

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21
Q

What may capillaries have?

A

Pericytes outside the basal lamina

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22
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Connective tissue cells that have contractile properties

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23
Q

Where are the continuous capillaries found?

A

Muscle, connective tissue, lung and skin

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24
Q

Where are the fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Mucosa of the gut, endocrine glands and glomeruli of the kidney

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25
Q

Where are the sinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries found?

A

Liver, spleen and bone marrow

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26
Q

What does the sinusoidal or discontinuous capillary lack?

A

Basal lamina

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27
Q

What do small capillaries connect to?

A

A post capillary venule through a network made of metarterioles

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28
Q

What helps control blood flow throughout the microvascular network?

A

Precapillary sphincters

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29
Q

Where do capillaries drain?

A

Into postcapillary venules

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30
Q

When is the vessel referred to as a venule?

A

When it acquires intermittent smooth muscle cells in the tunica media

31
Q

What is the difference in tunica media in a vein and artery

A

In the vein it is thinner

32
Q

What do the largest veins have?

A

A thick tunica adventitia

33
Q

Function of the veins?

A

Flexible and can accommodate expansion and contains most of the blood in the body

34
Q

What do most small to medium sized veins have?

A

Valves that are inward extensions of the tunica intima

35
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium (inner layer), Myocardium (middle layer) and Epicardium (outer layer)

36
Q

What does the epicardium line in the heart?

A

The inner surface including the valves

37
Q

What is the structure of the Epicardium?

A

Endothelium, basal lamina, thin layers of collage fibres, layer of denser connective tissue, in some areas there ais also a subendocardium

38
Q

Where are purkinji fibres found?

A

In the subendocardium

39
Q

What is the nucleus like in the cardiac muscle cells?

A

Single nucleus (sometimes two)

40
Q

What is passing across the fibres are irregular intervals in the myocardium?

A

Intercalated discs

41
Q

What is the structure of the myocardium in the heart?

A

Bindles of layers of connective tissue and contractile cardiac muscle fibres, individual muscle fibres are surrounded by connective tissue with a network of capillaries.

42
Q

What is the function of the intercalated disc?

A

Allows spread of electrical activity

43
Q

What epithelium covers the Epicardium?

A

Mesothelium

44
Q

What connective tissue is found in the Epicardium of the heart?

A

Fibroelastic and adipose tisse

45
Q

What are the coronary vessels embedded in, in the epicardium?

A

Adipose tissue

46
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous and serous

47
Q

What is the fibrous part of the pericardium?

A

Is is a sac of tough fibrocollagenous connective tissue

48
Q

What is the serous pericardium made of?

A

A layer of simple squamous epithelium

49
Q

What does the serous pericardium line?

A

The inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

50
Q

What separates the two mesothelial layers in the pericardium?

A

Pericardial cavity

51
Q

What is the pericardial cavity function?

A

Secretes pericardial fluid that provides lubrication for movement of the heart

52
Q

What forms the fibrous skeleton?

A

Thick bands of fibrous connective tissue around heart valves between atria and ventricles

53
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton?

A

Support the valves and provide the attachments for the cardiac muscle fibres

54
Q

What layer is on the outer surface of the heart valves?

A

Endothelial layer with basal lamina

55
Q

What does the layer of the heart valve contain?

A

Collage and elastic fibres

56
Q

What is the core of dense connective tissue called?

A

Lamina fibrosa

57
Q

What are the leaflets of the valves separating the atria and ventricles anchored by?

A

Papillary muscles

58
Q

What merges with the lamina fibrosa?

A

Chordae tendineae

59
Q

Where are there no blood vessels found?

A

In the valves

60
Q

What are the three types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Contractile cells, pacemaker cells and conducting cells

61
Q

What cells are smaller than the contractile muscle cells?

A

Pacemaker cells

62
Q

How do pacemaker cells appear?

A

Pale because of the paucity of organelles within them

63
Q

What do the pacemaker cells consist of?

A

Few myofibrils, little glycogen and no t-tubule system

64
Q

At the junction of the atria and ventricles, the depolarisation is picked up by?

A

The atria-ventricular node

65
Q

What produces left and right bundle branches as it descends?

A

Atrioventricular bundle

66
Q

What is the main function of the fibrous skeleton?

A

Electrically isolating the atria from the ventricles

67
Q

What are larger than cardiac muscle cells?

A

Purkinje fibres

68
Q

How do the purkinji fibres appear?

A

Pale and often exhibit a very pale/clear centre

69
Q

What do the purkinji fibres distribute?

A

Excitatory activity

70
Q

What does the lymphatic vascular system consist of?

A

Lymphatic vessels that drain tissue fluid, eventually returning it to the veins in the base of the neck

71
Q

What does the lymphatic vascular system drain?

A

Excess interstitial fluid into the blood stream

72
Q

What does interstitial fluid contain?

A

Ions, lipids, proteins and cells

73
Q

Where does the interstitial fluid return to?

A

Venous vessels but also a portion returns to the circulatory system by entering lymphatic vessels

Histology (10 decks)

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