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Histology > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Skin?

A

Protection against chemical, thermal, mechanical insults, bacterial and fungal invasion and desiccation.
Protects against UV light
Has metabolic functions and has thermoregulation

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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3
Q

What is below the dermis?

A

Hypodermis

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4
Q

What is the epidermis composed of?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Layer of fibrocartillagenous and elastic connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves and sensory receptors.

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6
Q

What is another word for the hypodermis?

A

Subcutis

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7
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of?

A

Adipose tissue

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8
Q

What does the hypodermis represent in anatomy?

A

Superficial fascia

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

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10
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

This sits on the basal lamina. Serves as the stem cells for the epidermis

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11
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

Gives the cells a prickly appearance. It is a division in the basal layer that displaces cells upwards into this layer.

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12
Q

What is stratum granulosum?

A

Require keratohyalin granules that contain profilaggrin that promotes the aggregation of the intermediate filaments.
Produce lamellar bodies.

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13
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Composed of dead squamous cells packed with keratin in a specialised matrix. It is a water proof barrier

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14
Q

There can be a 5th layer of the epidermis between?

A

The granulosum and the corneum. It is a thin layer called the stratum lucidum

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15
Q

What are the majority of cells in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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16
Q

What are the cell types in the epidermis?

A

Melanocytes, Langerhan cells and Merkel cells

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17
Q

How do melanocytes appear?

A

Pale with prominent dark nuclei comprising on the basale layer

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18
Q

What do the meloncyted produce?

A

A brown-black pigmented melanin responsible for skin colouration

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19
Q

Melanin can be found in which two forms?

A

A red-yellow form called pheomelanin and a brown-black for called eumelanin.

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20
Q

What are the Langerhans cells?

A

They are resident immune cells of the epidermis and act as an antigen presenting cells.

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21
Q

How does the Langerhans cell appear?

A

Pale with irregular nuclei in the stratum spinosum

22
Q

Lnagerhans cells have a network of processes to increase?

A

Surface area

23
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

They are touch receptors found in the basal layer of the epidermis.

24
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Superficial layer is the papillary dermis and the deeper layer is the reticular dermis

25
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

Project upwards in the dermis

26
Q

What are rite ridges?

A

Project downwards of the epidermis

27
Q

What connective tissue is in the reticular dermis layer?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

28
Q

What are the structures that invaginate and grow downwards into the dermis and sometimes hypodermis?

A

Hair follicles, Sebaceous glands and sweat glands

29
Q

What are hair follicles?

A

Tubula structure extending down through the epidermis and dermis into the hypodermis.

30
Q

What is at the bottom end of a hair follicle?

A

Hair bulb

31
Q

What is at the bottom of a hair bulb?

A

Dermal hair papilla

32
Q

What is within the hair shaft?

A

Keratin

33
Q

What cells are found in the hair bulb?

A

Melanocytes

34
Q

What does sebaceous glands produce?

A

Sebum

35
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

It is an oily picture that helps make the skin supple and water resistant

36
Q

In H&E stains, what is the appearance of sebaceous glands?

A

Clear with an obvious central nucleus

37
Q

What is the small band of smooth muscles within a hair follicle?

A

Arrector pilli muscle

38
Q

Where does the arrector pilli muscle receive innervation?

A

From the sympathetic nervous system

39
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine and Apocrine

40
Q

Where are eccrine glands found?

A

Everywhere in the skin, located at the junction of the dermis and hypodermic with a duct

41
Q

What glands are in thick skin?

A

Eccrine glands

42
Q

What are the two compartments of a sweat gland?

A

Secretory segment (coiled tubular gland) and a duct segment (coiled but then straightens)

43
Q

What epithelium is the secretory segment of the sweat gland?

A

Pseudostratified

44
Q

What epithelium is the duct segment of the sweat glands?

A

Stratified cuboidal

45
Q

Where are apocrine glands found?

A

Axillae, the genitalia and areola of the nipple

46
Q

What does the apocrine produce?

A

A milky fluid

47
Q

Where does the apocrine ducts end?

A

On hair shafts like the ducts of the sebaceous glands

48
Q

What secretion do apocrine glands utilise?

A

Merocrine secretion

49
Q

Nails are made of?

A

Keratin

50
Q

What is beneath the distal nail?

A

Nail bed

51
Q

The skin contains what types of sensory receptors?

A

Free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings

Histology (10 decks)

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