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Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system?

A

Supplies oxygen to the blood for delivery to cells throughout the body

Removes CO2 that has been accumulated in the blood from the tissues of the body

Phonation

Olfaction

Lungs function in blood pressure control via renin-angiotensin system

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2
Q

How does air reach the lungs?

A

Through a series of conducting pathways the branch in a similar manner to a tree

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3
Q

Were does air enter?

A

The nose and mouth

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4
Q

Where does air travel?

A

Travels via the pharynx and larynx into the trachea which branches into bronchi

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5
Q

Where do the bronchioles terminate?

A

Alveolar sacs

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6
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

In the alveolar sacs

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7
Q

The nasal cavity provides an extensive area for?

A

Warming, moistening and filtering inspired air

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8
Q

The roof of the nasal cavity contains?

A

Olfactory epithelium

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9
Q

What is the initial part of the nasal cavity?

A

The vestibule

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10
Q

What is the vestibule lined with?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What happens to the keratin deeper into the nasal cavity?

A

It is lost

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12
Q

What does the epithelium change to deeper in the nasal cavity?

A

Respiratory epithelium - Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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13
Q

What is underneath the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity?

A

Lamina propria

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14
Q

What does the lamina propria consist of?

A

A band of connective tissue containing seromucous glands and a rich venous plexus which can quickly engorge with blood and block the nose

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15
Q

What is the oropharynx lined with?

A

Non-keritanised stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Why must the oropharynx resist abrasion?

A

Because it transmits both air and swallows food

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17
Q

What are the walls of the larynx made up of?

A

Cartilage and muscles with respiratory epithelium

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18
Q

What are the vocal folds lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

What is the trachea continuous with?

A

The larynx

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20
Q

Where does the trachea terminate?

A

By dividing into the main bronchus

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21
Q

What are the c shaped cartilages lined with?

A

Fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle

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22
Q

The wall of the trachea is lined with?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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23
Q

The trachea divides into?

A

Two main bronchi

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24
Q

The rings of hyalin cartilage in the bronchi are replaced by?

A

Irregularly shaped cartilage plates

25
Q

The wall of the bronchus is made up of?

A

Respiratory epithelium, a lamina propria, a muscularis consisting of a ring of smooth muscle and a submucosa with adipose tissue and some seromucous glands

26
Q

What lacks cartilage?

A

Bronchioles

27
Q

What lack glands?

A

Bronchioles

28
Q

What is the lamina propria made of?

A

Smooth muscle, elastic and collagenous fibres

29
Q

The smallest bronchioles that lack respiratory function are called?

A

Terminal bronchioles

30
Q

The terminal bronchioles branch to give?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

31
Q

The smooth muscles of the bronchioles respond to?

A

Parasympathetic innervation and histamine by contracting and constricting the diameter of the bronchiole

32
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lined with?

A

Cuboidal ciliated epithelium

33
Q

Terminal bronchioles contain?

A

Non-ciliated club cells

34
Q

Club cells are also called?

A

Clara cells

35
Q

What do clara cells do?

A

They project above the level of adjacent ciliated cells

36
Q

Roles of Clara cells?

A

Stem cells, detoxification, immune modulation and surfactant production

37
Q

Alveoli interrupt the continuity of?

A

The respiratory bronchioles

38
Q

What does not exchange in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Gas exchange with blood

39
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

The terminal portion so the bronchial tree

40
Q

What are the alveoli responsible for?

A

The spongy nature of the lungs

41
Q

Alveoli are lined with an epithelium that consist of which cells?

A

Type I and Type II cells

42
Q

What are alveolar cells also called?

A

Pneumocytes

43
Q

What are the Type I alveolar cells?

A

Simple squamous epithelium, provides a barrier of minimal thickness that is permeable to gases

44
Q

What are the Type II alveolar cells?

A

Polygonal in shape, covered by microvilli and the cytoplasm displays dense membrane bound lamellar bodies containing surfactant.

45
Q

What is surfactant released by?

A

Exocytosis

46
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Spreads over the pulmonary surface to reduce the surface tension at the air fluid interface. Reduced the tendency for alveoli to collapse at the end of expiration

47
Q

Alveolar macrophages are present in the alveoli, what else can these be called?

A

Dust cells

48
Q

Where can alveolar macrophages be found?

A

In the septa or migrating over the luminal surfaces of the alveoli

49
Q

Where will the alveolar macrophages migrate?

A

Up the bronchial tree by ciliary action to the pharynx where they are swallowed

50
Q

Where does the alveolar macrophages and up?

A

In the septal connective tissue

51
Q

The septa between the alveoli are permeated by?

A

Capillary network

52
Q

The points between air and blood are called?

A

Air-blood barrier

53
Q

What type of cells does the air-blood barrier consist of?

A

Type I cells

54
Q

What is the lung surrounded by?

A

Visceral pleura

55
Q

The visceral pleura is?

A

Multilayered

56
Q

The visceral pleura is lined by an outer layer of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium backed by layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue

57
Q

What is between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura?

A

Pleural cavity

58
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain?

A

A small amount of lubricating fluid

Histology (10 decks)

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