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Histology > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is type I collagen?

A

Most abundant and widely distributed

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2
Q

What is type II collagen?

A

Hyaline and elastic cartilage, fibres thinner than type I

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3
Q

What is type III collagen?

A

Reticular fibres

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4
Q

Where is type IV collagen found?

A

In the basal lamina

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5
Q

What does type IV collagen not form?

A

Fibrils

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6
Q

What type of collagen is found in dense connective tissue?

A

Type I collagen

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7
Q

Where does the basal lamina lie?

A

Between the epithelia and the underlying supporting connective tissue

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8
Q

What does the basal lamina do?

A

Constitutes a selective barrier to the passage of materials between the epithelium and supporting tissue

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9
Q

What is involved in the control of epithelia growth and differentiation coming an impenetrable barrier to downwards epithelial growths?

A

Basal lamina

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10
Q

What is the composition of basement membrane?

A

GAGs (heparin), Type IV collagen and glycoproteins such as fibronectin, laminin and entactin.

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11
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina

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12
Q

What does the link protein do?

A

Stabilises the interaction of each proteoglycan with hyaluronan.

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13
Q

Cartilage is what?

A

A semi-ridgid connective tissue consist of scattered cells surrounding by a rather amorphous appearing extracellular matrix

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14
Q

Cartilage is related to?

A

Bone

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15
Q

What is the extracellular matrix in cartilage contain?

A

Fibres (Type II) which provide mechanical stability and GAGs which resist deformation by compression.

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16
Q

Cartilage formations begin with?

A

Differentiation of primitive stellate mesenchymal cells into rounded cartilage precursor cells - chondroblasts.

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17
Q

Most cartilage is devoid of?

A

Blood vessels

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18
Q

The cartilage nutrients are dependent on?

A

Diffusions of metabolites.

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19
Q

What does mesenchyme consist of?

A

Stellate, fusiform cells, reticular fibres and an abundance of ground substance.

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20
Q

What are the cells found in cartilage called?

A

Chondrocytes

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21
Q

Where are the chondrocytes found?

A

In the lacuna

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22
Q

Chondrocyte cary in shape from?

A

Flattened to round

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23
Q

Where are the chondrocytes flattened/round?

A

Flattened round the edge of the cartilage and more round in the centre

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24
Q

The chondrocytes are active cells that?

A

Secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix

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25
Q

What happens if the vascular supply is interrupted around the cartilage?

A

The cells die, blood vessels invade and the matrix is phagocytksed and replaced by scar tissue.

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26
Q

ECM is the most common form of?

A

Cartilage

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27
Q

The specific common form of cartilage is?

A

Hyaline

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28
Q

Extracellular matrix in cartilage is made up of?

A

75% water and 25% organic material - 60% is Type II collagen and 40% is proteoglycan aggregates.

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29
Q

What does the chondronectin glycoprotein do?

A

Promotes the adherence of chondrocytes to the matrix collagen

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30
Q

What is the area called that is directly around the chondrocytes that is particularly high in proteoglycans and typically stains more intensely?

A

Territorial matrix

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31
Q

What is the matrix that is at a distance from cells that has fewer proteoglycans and stains less intensely called?

A

Interterritorial matrix

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32
Q

Cartilage is surrounded by what connective tissue?

A

Perichondrium

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33
Q

What are the layers of the perichondrium?

A

An outer fibrous layer of dense connective tissue and associated fibroblasts which provide support

An inner chondrogenic layer which provides new chondroblasts to the adjacent cartilage.

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34
Q

The perichondrium contains?

A

Blood vessels which supply nutrients to the cartilage by diffusion.

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35
Q

Growth of cartilage occurs via?

A

Appositional growth at the edge and interstitial growth within the matrix

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36
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, Elastic and fibrocartilage

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37
Q

What is hyalin cartilage?

A

Grossly, it is blue white in colour and translucent. It is the most common

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38
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Grossly, it is light yellow in colour. The addition of elastic fibres makes it flexible

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39
Q

Fibrocartilage is found?

A

Hybrid between tendon and hyaline cartilage

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40
Q

What type of collagen is present in fibrocartilage?

A

Type I collage

41
Q

What colour is found in fibrocartilage?

A

White

42
Q

Examples of where hyaline cartilage is found?

A

Articular surfaces, tracheal rings, costal cartilages, epiphyseal growth plates and precursor in foetus to many bones

43
Q

The gap between the articular cartilages are?

A

Artificial

44
Q

Elastic cartilage is more cellular than?

A

Hyalin cartilage

45
Q

Examples of where elastic cartilage is found?

A

Pinna of the ear, Epiglottis and auditory tube

46
Q

What cartilage is a mixture of dense regular connective tissue and islands of cartilage cells and matrix?

A

Fibrocartilage

47
Q

What is the mix of type of collagen in fibrocartilage?

A

Type I and Type II

48
Q

Examples of where fibrocartilage is found?

A

Intervertebral disc, where tendon inserts into bone and pubic synthesis.

49
Q

Characteristics of cartilage?

A

Deformable, permeable, growth is appositional and interstitial, cells nourished by diffusion through matrix

50
Q

Characteristics of bone?

A

Rigid, not permeable, growth is appositional only, cells within the bone must be nourished by blood vessels that provide the matrix

51
Q

Functions of bone?

A

Support, Levers for effective movement, Protection of internal organs, a calcium store and haemopoiesis.

52
Q

What causes the balance of calcium to be shifted?

A

Loss of oestrogen will cause demineralisation and thinning of bone

53
Q

What is the word used for the thinning of bone?

A

Osteoporosis

54
Q

Haemopoiesis begins in?

A

The bone marrow

55
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Cortical bone and cancellous bone

56
Q

Cortical bone

A

Compacted outer shell that makes up the shaft (diaphysis)

57
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Occupies the ends of the bone and is a fine network of bone

58
Q

What does bone undergo throughout life?

A

Remodelling

59
Q

Bone is penetrated by?

A

Small canals for blood vessels and nerves and containing living cells called osteocytes

60
Q

What are the spaces in bone called?

A

Marrow cavities

61
Q

What makes up the outside of the bone?

A

A fibrous connective tissue sheath called the periosteum.

62
Q

Cancellous bone has what structures?

A

Osteocytes and lamellar but haversian canals are uncommon.

63
Q

How can the osteocytes survive in cancellous bone?

A

Because the struts are thin

64
Q

What is the outer circumferential lamellae?

A

Lamellae that run around the bone

65
Q

What are the bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts.

66
Q

Where are the osteoprogenitor cells located?

A

Bone surfaces. E.g. Under the periosteum

67
Q

What do the osteoprogenitor cells do?

A

Serve as pool of reserve osteoblasts

68
Q

Where are the osteoblasts cells located?

A

On the surface of the developing bone

69
Q

What are the contents of the osteoblast cells?

A

RER and prominent mitochondria

70
Q

What are the osteocytes?

A

A bone cell trapped within the bone matrix

71
Q

What are the osteoclasts?

A

They are large multinucleated cells

72
Q

Where are the osteoclasts located?

A

On the surface of the bone

73
Q

What is the osteoclasts function?

A

Bone resorption

74
Q

The mineral of bone is made up of?

A

Calcium phosphate crystals

75
Q

What does the osteoblast secrete?

A

Collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans and other organs components of the matrix which is the osteoid

76
Q

The osteoid has an affinity for?

A

Ca

77
Q

What do the mineral salts growing on the matrix serve as?

A

Nuclei for spontaneous accumulation of further mineral salts from the local environment

78
Q

What happens to the lamellar bone when there is a break?

A

The lamellar bone is laid in a haphazard fashion rather than the collagen fibres orientate all in one direction

79
Q

What is the type of bone called when there is a break?

A

Woven bone

80
Q

Characteristics of woven bone?

A

It is not as strong as lamellar bone and is remodelled into lamellar bone by being broken down by osteoclasts and reformed by new osteoblasts

81
Q

What is the osteoclast derived from?

A

Macrophage lineage of cells

82
Q

What happens when bone is remodelling?

A

A number of osteoclasts will congregate and begin to ‘drill’ into the bone, forming a tunnel.

83
Q

What grows into the tunnel during remodelling?

A

A blood vessel bringing with it osteoblasts

84
Q

What lines the tunnel during remodelling and lays down new lamellar bone?

A

Osteoblasts

85
Q

When does the tunnel remodelling stop?

A

When only the space of the haversian canal remains

86
Q

What is the site called that is the collection of osteoclasts and osteoblast in remodelling?

A

Basic multicellular unit (BMU)

87
Q

What are the lines that are surrounding the osteon?

A

Cement lines

88
Q

The cement lines can only be seen in osteons that have undergone?

A

Remodelling

89
Q

What is interstitial lamellae?

A

Lamellae between osteons that are the remnant of old osteons

90
Q

What happens at the centres of ossification?

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and begin to synthesise and secrete osteoid

91
Q

Woven bone becomes?

A

Lamellar bone

92
Q

What are the ossifications called that jut upwards on the skull?

A

Eminences

93
Q

Examples of bone produced by enchondral ossification?

A

Most long bones, Base of the skull, the medial and lateral ends of the clavicle

94
Q

What affect does calcitonin have on bone?

A

Inhibits bone destruction

95
Q

What hormone promotes destruction of bone?

A

Parathyroid hormone

96
Q

When does bone destruction increase?

A

When oestrogen falls in menopause

97
Q

How does Pagets disease occur?

A

In erosion of bone because of uncontrolled osteoclast activity

98
Q

What is the osteomalacia disease?

A

The failure of the osteoid to mineralise. Caused by insufficient dietary intake of calcium or renal dysfunction

Histology (10 decks)

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