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Histology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Force is produced by movement from?

A

Actin fibres over myosin fibres

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of contractile cells?

A

Muscle cells, myoepithelial cells, myofibroblasts and pericytes

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3
Q

What are the types of muscle cells?

A

Skeletal/voluntary, cardiac, smooth/involuntary

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4
Q

What are the three non-muscle contractile cells?

A

Myoepithelial cells, myofibroblasts and pericytes

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5
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

They are flattened cells and have contractile protein arrangement similar to smooth muscle

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6
Q

Myofibroblasts have characteristic of both?

A

Fibroblasts and smooth muscle

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7
Q

What are myofibroblasts?

A

They enlarge and proliferate artery injury and secrete collage to provide a scaffold for repair

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8
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Inconspicuous cells found around capillaries and venules

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9
Q

What can pericytes act like?

A

Stem cells

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10
Q

What can pericytes control?

A

Control capillary diameter

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11
Q

How are multinucleate myotubes formed?

A

Within the mesenchyme, cells will align and eventually lose their separating cell membranes

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12
Q

What are the names given to skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal, voluntary and striated

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13
Q

What percentage does skeletal muscle have in the body weight?

A

40%

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14
Q

How is muscle tissue formed?

A

From muscle cells and associated connective tissue

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15
Q

What do muscles contain?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, connective tissue and specialised sense organs

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle fibres are?

A

Strained, unbranded and multinucleate

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17
Q

Where is the nuclei in skeletal muscle?

A

At the periphery of the fibre, just under the cell membrane (sarcolemma)

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18
Q

Muscle fibres are grouped into bundles called?

A

Fasicles

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19
Q

The connective tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole is called?

A

Epimysium

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20
Q

The connective tissue around a single fasicle is called?

A

Perimysium

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21
Q

The connective tissue around a single muscle fibre is called?

A

The endomysium

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22
Q

Fasicles contain?

A

Many muscle fibres

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23
Q

Muscle fibres contain?

A

Many myofibrils

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24
Q

Myofibrils contain?

A

Many sarcomeres

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25
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

Unit of contraction of the muscle cell

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26
Q

Sarcomeres are the…

A

Smallest contractile elements in the striated muscle cell

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27
Q

The sarcomeres extends from?

A

One z line to the next

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28
Q

What is the motor unit?

A

The motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres that it innervates.

29
Q

The fewer number of muscle fibres in a motor unit…

A

The finer the control of movement

30
Q

Fibres in a motor unit are?

A

Scattered in the muscle

31
Q

The motor neuron is in the?

A

Motor end plate

32
Q

What are the classes of muscle fibres in a motor unit?

A

Type I, IIA, IIB

33
Q

What junction does muscle fibres have?

A

Neuromuscular junction

34
Q

What happens in a neuromuscular junction?

A

Motor axons terminate at a motor end plate and action potentials arriving in the axon cause release of acetylecholine and initiate an action potential in the sarcolemma

35
Q

What network of tubules extend from the sarcolemma into the cell?

A

T - tubules

36
Q

T tubules open to what side of the cell membrane?

A

The outside

37
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains?

A

A high concentration of Ca and small branches of it lie on either side of the t tubules

38
Q

What is the triad?

A

Each segment of the t tubules associated with the sarcomere is flanked by segments of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

39
Q

When an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, what is released?

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q

What is type I muscle fibre?

A

Relatively slow contracting fibres that depend on oxidative metabolism.

Abundant mitochondria and myoglobin

Resistant to fatigue

Called red fibres and are aerobic

41
Q

What is type IIA muscle fibre?

A

Uncommon

Fast twitch but fatigue resistant

42
Q

What is type IIB muscle fibre?

A

Fast contracting fibres that depend on anaerobic metabolism.

Fewer mitochondria and less myoglobin than type I fibres

Fatigue easily and produce greater force

Called white fibres

43
Q

Muscle are attached to bone by?

A

A tendon of dense regular connective tissue

44
Q

The collagen of the tendon that attaches to ends of muscle fibres occurs at what junction?

A

Myotendinous junction

45
Q

Tendons have poor blood supply therefore are slow at?

A

Healing when damaged

46
Q

Muscle spindles contain what kind of fibres?

A

Intrafusal fibres

47
Q

What are extrafusal muscle fibres?

A

Normal contractile muscle fibres that make up the large majority of a muscle

48
Q

Cardiac muscle forms?

A

Major parts of the walls of the heart chambers and origins of the great vessels

49
Q

Cardiac muscle has?

A

Striations

50
Q

Where is the single nucleus of cardiac muscle found?

A

Near the centre of the fibre

51
Q

What are the dark irregular lines in cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated discs

52
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Sites of end to end attachments between adjacent cells

53
Q

Intercalated discs contain?

A

Multiple intercellular junctions to maintain mechanical integrity

54
Q

Skeletal muscle forms a population of myoblasts called?

A

Satellite cells

55
Q

What are the satellite cells?

A

They are pressed against the outer surface of the sarcolemma of the muscle cell, under the surrounding basal lamina

56
Q

What happens when satellite cells become damaged?

A

They become activated and proliferate to form new muscle fibres

57
Q

Smooth muscle is…

A

Involuntary

58
Q

Smooth muscle had no

A

Striations

59
Q

Why is smooth muscle involuntary?

A

Because it is not under conscious control and visceral because it is predominantly found in organs

60
Q

Fibres or smooth muscle are?

A

Elongated and spindle shaped

61
Q

Fibres of skeletal muscle are?

A

Long cylinders

62
Q

The cigar shaped nucleus of smooth muscle is located?

A

Near the centre of each fibre

63
Q

Smooth muscle cells contain?

A

Actin and myosin filaments that allow contraction

64
Q

In smooth muscle, the actin and myosin are not?

A

As well organised as they are in skeletal and cardiac muscle

65
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In the walls of tubes

66
Q

Examples of where smooth muscle is found?

A

Gut, respiratory tract, blood vessels and the uterus. Also the iris of the eye

67
Q

Smooth muscle receives signals for?

A

Both contraction and relaxation

68
Q

Smooth muscle contracts either?

A

Continuously or rhythmically in the absence of stimuli

69
Q

Where can stimuli arrive from?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Histology (10 decks)

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