Sociology Ch. 8

Question 1

a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people

Answer 1

race

Question 2

a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor

Answer 2

ethnicity

Question 3

an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life

Answer 3

symbolic ethnicity

Question 4

an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation

Answer 4

situational ethnicity

Question 5

social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society’s dominant groups though they are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups

Answer 5

minority group

Question 6

a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic

Answer 6

racism

Question 7

an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it

Answer 7

prejudice

Question 8

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice

Answer 8

discrimination

Question 9

discrimination carried out by one person against another

Answer 9

individual discrimination

Question 10

discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it

Answer 10

institutional discrimination

Question 11

the belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture

Answer 11

white nationalism

Question 12

unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able

Answer 12

privilege

Question 13

an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment

Answer 13

color-blind racism

Question 14

an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences

Answer 14

race consciousness

Question 15

everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups

Answer 15

microaggressions

Question 16

the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group’s gain

Answer 16

cultural appropriation

Question 17

the claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and, therefore, experience social disadvantages

Answer 17

reverse racism

Question 18

whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice

Answer 18

antiracist allies

Question 19

the study of the relationship between race, racism, and power

Answer 19

critical race theory

Question 20

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong

Answer 20

passing

Question 21

W. E. B. DuBois’s term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States

Answer 21

double-consciousness

Question 22

romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races

Answer 22

miscegenation

Question 23

those elements of identity that are generated through others’ perceptions of our physical traits

Answer 23

embodied identity

Question 24

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group

Answer 24

genocide

Question 25

the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied

Answer 25

population transfer

Question 26

the economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation

Answer 26

internal colonialism

Question 27

the physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity

Answer 27

segregation

Question 28

a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogenous

Answer 28

assimilation

Question 29

the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

Answer 29

racial assimilation

Question 30

the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group’s culture

Answer 30

cultural assimilation

Question 31

a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society

Answer 31

pluralism