Sociology Ch. 8 Flashcards
a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
race
a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor
ethnicity
an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life
symbolic ethnicity
an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation
situational ethnicity
social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society’s dominant groups though they are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups
minority group
a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic
racism
an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it
prejudice
unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice
discrimination
discrimination carried out by one person against another
individual discrimination
discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it
institutional discrimination
the belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture
white nationalism
unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able
privilege
an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment
color-blind racism
an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences
race consciousness
everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups
microaggressions
the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group’s gain
cultural appropriation
the claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and, therefore, experience social disadvantages
reverse racism
whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice
antiracist allies
the study of the relationship between race, racism, and power
critical race theory
presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong
passing
W. E. B. DuBois’s term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States
double-consciousness
romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races
miscegenation
those elements of identity that are generated through others’ perceptions of our physical traits
embodied identity
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group
genocide
