GEOGRAPHY REVIEW 1 pt.2 Flashcards
Population Geography
-the scientific study of
population characteristics
- the study of spatial
variations among
populations &population-
environment interaction
Demography
the statistical study of
populations
Population Distribution
arrangement of people on Earth’s surface
Population Density
number of humans living within an area; measurement of population per unit area
Arithmetic Density
The number of people per unit area of land. = divide pop. by total land area
Physiological Density
The number of people per
unit area of arable (land suited for
agriculture) land. = divide pop. by
total area of arable land
Agricultural density
ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Fertility: Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
number of live births in a year per 1,000 people: example -> for every 1,000 people in a country, 15 babies were born
Fertility: Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
average number of children born to a woman of child bearing age (15 to 49)
Mortality: Crude Death Rate (CDR)
number of deaths per year per 1,000 live people
Life Expectancy
average length of time a person is expected
to live given current social, economic, &medical conditions
Infant mortality rate
annual # of deaths of infants
under one year of age per 1,000 live births
Pro-natalist
promotes the increase in birth rate/fertility rate of an area
Anti-natalist
policy of gov. to slow down the population growth by attempting to limit # of births
China one child policy
Only able to have one child, if more than one child is born then Face Consequences
Population pyramid
bar graph that shows the age &gender composition of a population
Dependency Ratio
number of people who are too
young or too old to work
Sex Ratio
The proportion of males to females in a
population
Rate of natural increase (RNI)
the percentage by which population grows in a year; subtract death rate from birth rate & convert to a percentage
Demographic Transition Model
Describes a common demographic shift from high birth &death rates to low birth & death rates over time
Stage 1: Low Growth
- Hunting &
gathering - Most of human
history spent
during this stage. - CBR &CDR both
high = NIR is
essentially zero. - There is no
country still in
stage 1.
Stage 2: High Growth
- CDR plummets while
the CBR remains the
same as in stage 1. - Brought about by
the Industrial
Revolution. - GB, Europe, U.S.
- Allowed to spread to
LDCs (20th century) - Medical tech.
- =Very high NIR
Stage 3: Moderate Growth
- Brought about by
cultural changes. - Characterized by a
sudden drop in the
CBR. - CDR drops but
at a slower rate
3* There is still growth
but not as fast as in
Stage 2. = moderate
NIR
Stage 4: Declining Growth
- The CBR = CDR
- Brought about by an
aging population,
education, & family
planning - Zero Population
Growth - Low TFR
Medical Geography
Sub-discipline of human geography
* Health: closely related to location &environment
* outbreak of a particular disease occurs -> source &diffusion
(patterns) studied
* = epidemiology: study of the diffusion of disease
* Spatial aspects of disease &health
Infectious Diseases (VECTORED)
Disease is spread by a vector
(e.g., mosquito, tick, fleas)
Infectious Diseases(NON-VECTORED)
Transmission: person to person
* Ex. HIV/AIDS, Influenza,
Common Cold
Chronic Diseases
- Cannot be spread by people
- Influenced by: genetics,
environmental, & life-style
factors - Examples: cancer, heart
disease
Spatial extent disease(epidemic)
An outbreak of an infectious disease affecting a large # of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time
Spatial extent disease(pandemic)
An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area (multiple countries & regions of the world) and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population
Population Ecology
examines impacts of population
on their environments &the ways in
which environmental conditions affect
people &their livelihoods
Malthusian Checks(Positive checks)
famine, war, disease, mortality =
<population
Malthusian Checks(Preventive checks)
postponing marriage, family planning, abstinence
Neo-Malthusian Theory
Earth’s resources are limited = carrying
capacity
* Overpopulation = food
supply outstripped
* &loss of biodiversity,
environmental
Critics: Cornucopian Theory
*Human ingenuity
generates adaptive
strategies that lead to
human well-being
* More people = stimulate
economic growth
&prosperity
* Rejects carrying capacity
