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YEAR 1 MED > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between the social model and the medical model?

A
  • social: locates problem of disability in the disabling world
  • medical: locates the problem of the disability regarding the pathology
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2
Q

Describe measures that can be taken to minimise drug interaction issues in elderly patients.

A
  • Get an accurate drug history, including details on why patient takes certain medication and whether they still need it or not
  • Give priority to non-drug alternatives (eg. Psychological, lifestyle change)
  • Ask patients if they have noticed any side effects
  • Check with pharmacist regarding medicines information
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3
Q

Name the five components of the biopsychosocial model that can be used to help understand the treatment of chronic back pain

A
  • Sensory (nociception)
  • Pain
  • Suffering
  • Illness (pain behaviour)
  • Social/cultural
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4
Q

Elderly woman blames herself for falling ill because she went out shopping on a rainy day without fully drying her hair, what is the historical theory of health and illness to which this patient’s lay beliefs correspond?

A
  • The humoural theory
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5
Q

Describe two roles that an occupational therapist has

A
  • Addressing a safe home situation (recommends alterations to house)
  • Need for equipment (eg. Ramps, rails, handles etc.)
  • Care package
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6
Q

Describe two roles of social worker

A
  • personal budget questionaire
  • care and support planning
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7
Q

List four positive social factors that keep people healthy in old age

A
  • Owning a house
  • Having had a car
  • Having been married
  • Having control and autonomy in decision making
  • Social networks
  • Enjoying the outdoors
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8
Q

Describe three gender differences in health behaviour that may impact the health a couple

A
  • Females have better social networks
  • Females are better able to discuss health with medical professionals
  • Females experience of motherhood and caring generates responsibility for their own health
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9
Q

What is the single biggest factor that is likely to affect the life expectancy of a couple?

A
  • Social class
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10
Q

A patient is from Lithuania and has two children, she is a cleaner in a nursing home, describe one psychological and one sociological reason that this patient may be reluctant to seek medical help

A
  • Psychological: fear of diagnosis, lack of confidence in health service, fear of losing job
  • Sociological: not registered with GP, cost of prescription, language barrier, lack of child care
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11
Q

Explain two non-pharmacological ways that the doctor could help this patient to give up smoking

A
  • Refer to stop smoking clinic
  • Discuss lifestyle change and positive attitude to stopping smoking
  • Offer follow up appointment
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12
Q

A 9 year old boy has recently been diagnosed with juvenile RA, his doctor involves him in all the discussions about his condition, outline three ways in which this patient can benefit from the way information has been communicated to him by his doctor

A
  • If treatment and risks of poor adherence become relevant, then treatment adherence is better
  • Better understanding of condition, treatment, risks, means that patient experiences less anxiety
  • Child feels included in decision making and an active participant in his own health care
  • Better understanding means better management of own health care
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13
Q

Describe three issues the doctor needs to consider in order to communicate, in the right way, the correct information to the patient (patient is a child)

A
  • Assess patients level of understanding
  • Explain condition, treatment, risks in age-appropriate ways
  • Be prepared to answer questions
  • Involve parents in the discussion
  • Involve other professionals if necessary (nurses, child psychologists, play therapists)
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14
Q

According to DVLA guidance, what must the patient be able to do before being legally allowed to drive?

A
  • When the patient can safely do an emergency stop
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15
Q

Describe two responsibilities towards the patient and two rights of the health professional according to the sick role

A
  • The responsibility to apply their skill to benefit the patient
  • The responsibility to have a high degree of professionalism
  • The responsibility to be objective
  • The right to examine patients physically
  • The right to ask intimate questions
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16
Q

Describe four sources that the specialist rheumatologist registrar might consult to determine whether a patient could be treated with anti-TNF drug

A
  • Check hospital prescribing guidance
  • Look at NICE guidelines
  • Literature search (BNF)
  • Ask a consultant for advice
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17
Q

Give a brief definition of stress

A
  • Stress is what we experience when the demands of a situation exceed our resources to cope with the situation
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18
Q

Give three examples of how doctors can overcome language barriers with patients and give advantage and disadvantage of each

A
  • Family members: free, might not tell truth, bias, breach of confidentiality
  • NHS interpreters: trained and skilled, expensive
  • Information leaflets in different languages: freely available, one-way communication/patient may not be able to read
  • Members of staff: free and convenient, breach of confidentiality
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19
Q

Provide four of the most common reasons why transgender people do not report transphobic crime

A
  • Mistrust of police
  • Don’t want to waste police time
  • Poor past experience with authorities
  • Fear of being ‘outed’
  • Feeling that nothing can be done
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20
Q

Girl with a stepmother, what is the sociological name for this type of family?

A
  • Reconstituted family
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21
Q

In a reconstituted family, outline three emotional issues that may arise

A
  • Grief arising from bereavement or divorce
  • Anger arising from bereavement or divorce
  • Resentment to step-parents
  • Tension may occur over child custody and child support
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22
Q

Fred and Wilma got married at the age of 25, they have two daughters and a son, they are still happily married, although the world is very different for their children, name four social trends which are likely to be different for Fred and Wilma’s children when it comes to partnering and parenting

A
  • Higher average of first time mother
  • Higher average of first time marriage
  • More births outside of marriage
  • More reconstituted families
  • More same sex partners
  • More co-habitation (living with each other when not married)
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23
Q

Fred and Wilma’s daughter, Stacie, had two children, divorced, and then married Ed, who had a son from his first marriage, explain two types of difficulty which may arise within this type of family

A
  • Anger and grief after bereavement for both parents and children
  • Tension over child support and child care
  • Resentment towards step parents
  • Resentment towards step siblings
  • Higher risk of child abuse
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24
Q

What does the term ‘triple shift, double burden’ usually refer to in the context of families?

A
  • Triple shift: women doing paid work, house work, and child care
  • Double burden: work and family
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25
Q

Patient’s sleep is disrupted because of his job, identify four health conditions that this patient could be at an increased risk of developing due to this prolonged sleep disruption

A
  • Stress
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Extreme fatigue
  • Headaches/migraines
  • Heart burn
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26
Q

Describe four risk factors for developing an addiction to prescribed opiates

A
  • Current or past history of substance misuse including alcohol
  • Family member with history of substance misuse
  • Poor social support
  • Co-morbid psychiatric disorders
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27
Q

The GP thinks this patient may be at risk of addiction, describe four ways in which this risk could be reduced and managed

A
  • Addiction should be discussed with all patients considering long term opioid treatment
  • Opioids should only be used after other medications have been tried
  • Advice from specialists in pain medicine and addiction medicine should be readily available
  • Injectable opioids play no role in the management of persistent pain
  • Opioid therapy should be monitored regularly and adjusted appropriately
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28
Q

How would a doctor certify that a patient is dead?

A
  • There is no respiratory effort (examine for one minute)
  • There are no heart sounds (examine for one minute)
  • There are no palpable pulses (examine for one minute)
  • The pupils are fixed and dilated (do not respond to light)
  • There is no response to pain stimuli
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29
Q

The patient who died was Muslim, describe two cultural issues that make the request for a post mortem difficult to accept by his family

A
  • Muslims believe that dissection of the body is wrong (the body should be kept whole because it belongs to God)
  • Muslims believe that the body should be buried as soon as possible so that the risk of decay is minimised
  • Muslims believe that cleansing of the corpse should be done by family members
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30
Q

Describe three modifiable factors (ie. other than normal ageing) that would be asked about in a history and explain how they cause falls

A
  • Alcohol: causes confusion, clumsiness
  • Drugs and their interactions: dizziness due to hypertension
  • Behaviour: not using the bath/shower without a mat, standing on an uneven chair
  • Environment: trip hazards, lighting etc.
  • Muscle weakness: lower limb deformities, poor biomechanics
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31
Q

Describe four of the potential social reasons for why a patient might stop their injections

A
  • Side effects of drugs
  • Value of prophylaxis not communicated well by clinical team
  • Over-demanding drug regime, if patient has co-morbidities (lots of other drugs)
  • Dissatisfied patient seeks second opinion
  • Lack of health literacy
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32
Q

With respect to the sociological understanding of the sick role, give two aspects in which this patient (not taking injections) is not acting on their responsibilities

A
  • Obligation to get well as soon as possible
  • Obligation to seek and respond to professional help
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33
Q

A 49 year old male had an aggressive inoperable brain tumour for two years. Due to his escalating care needs he was eventually admitted to the local hospice where his family were made to feel special and able to enjoy happy times together in his last few months. He left a widow and four children. Give four reasons why admission to a hospice may be preferable to remaining at home

A
  • Provides care needs/dignity
  • Caters for drug administration needs
  • Limiting emotional stress for children and relatives
  • Patient’s wishes
34
Q

How might the side effects of morphine undermine the quality of life in end stage cancer treatment?

A
  • Undermining physical wellbeing
  • Constipation
  • Nausea
  • Confusion
  • Sedation
35
Q

what are 3 potential advantages to being a single parent?

A
  • independence
  • autonomy
  • social security (benefits/housing)
36
Q

what are 3 potential disadvantages of being a single parent?

A
  • financial burden
  • balancing work / home
  • social networks hard to maintain
  • worse environment
  • role overload
37
Q

what are 3 potential health consequences from being a single parent for a father?

A
  • high blood pressure
  • drinking
  • drug use
  • negative emotional state
38
Q

what are 3 potential health results from being a single parent for a mother?

A
  • insomnia
  • fatigue
  • crying spells
  • negative emotional state
39
Q

how does social class impact on single parenting?

A
  • poorer economic background, increased single parents
  • those from lower classes feel ashamed in front of ‘professionals’ / upper classes
40
Q

what are 3 potential effects that single parenting can have on the parent?

A
  • parent may become erratic, uncommunicative, unsupportive
  • reliant on family support
  • less likely to monitor adolescents
  • provide less help to their adolescents with planning their school curriculum
41
Q

what are 3 potential effects that single parenting has on the child?

A
  • children may display more androgynous behaviour (displays both male and female characteristics)
  • higher levels of maturity
  • perceived self-efficacy (an individuals belief in their capacity to act in a certain way to reach goals)
42
Q

what support is in place for single parenting?

A
  • child care/support agencies
  • housing (temporary accommodation provided, sometimes long-term)
  • support networks (fathers for justice)
  • gingerbread group (can meet other single parents for support)
43
Q

how does single parenting impact on work?

A
  • 25% unemployed
  • 80% receive income support
  • many result to illegal acts of benefit fraud / working whilst receiving income support
  • pressure to be breadwinners as well as raise child
44
Q

what are the two ways stress can be triggered and give some examples.

A
  • physical or psychological:
  • medications
  • personality type
  • self-esteem
  • lifestyle
  • social support
  • perception of the stressor
45
Q

give 3 bio stress mediators.

A
  • gender
  • age
  • genetic
  • weaknesses due to pre-existing pathology
46
Q

give 3 physical symptoms of stress.

A
  • back pain
  • muscle tension
  • headaches
  • shaking hands
  • diarrhoea
  • constipation
  • chest pain
  • sweats
  • indigestion
  • loss of appetite
47
Q

give 3 psychological symptoms of stress.

A
  • nervousness
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • irritable
  • moody / frustrated
  • accident-prone
48
Q

what can the physical and psychological symptoms of stress lead to in terms of further health effects?

A
  • development/progression of disease
  • heart disease
  • irritable bowel disease
  • depression
  • lowers immune system
49
Q

what can these further health effects of stress be due to? (direct and indirect)

A
  • Direct: due to physiological response (autonomic nervous system, hormone, immune system)
  • Indirect: due to health behaviour (smoking / drinking / overeating)
50
Q

what are the two types of stress?

A
  • acute
  • chronic
51
Q

what are some reasons why someone might be stressed from work?

A
  • overload
  • pressure
  • conflict
  • lack of motivation
  • loss of role
52
Q

what is the management of stress for an individual?

A
  • problem focused (changes we can make)
  • emotion focussed (talking to someone)
  • exercise, diet, relaxation
  • attention to sleep deprivation
  • time for colleagues / friends / family
53
Q

give an example of an acute time limited stressor.

A
  • being threatened in the street
54
Q

give an example of a chronic intermediate stressor.

A
  • deadlines
55
Q

give an example of a chronic stressor.

A
  • medical diagnosis
56
Q

what are the 5 stages of bereavement? (Kubler Ross)

A
  • Denial: (avoidance / confusion / shock /fear)
  • Anger: (frustration / irritation / anxiety)
  • Bargaining: (struggling to find meaning / reaching out to others / telling one’s story)
  • Depression: (overwhelmed / helplessness / hostility / flight)
  • Acceptance: (exploring options / new plan in place / moving on)
57
Q

what are some health results that someone may experience due to bereavement?

A
  • extreme tiredness / fatigue
  • loss of appetite
  • weak muscles
  • tight chest, dry mouth
  • breathlessness
58
Q

what can someone bereaving use to cope?

A
  • medication (sleep, anxiety, depression)
  • going to the funeral (if the person has died)
  • returning to the scene (if an accident)
  • counselling / support
  • talking to those with similar experiences
59
Q

give 3 reactions somebody in bereavement might express mentally.

A
  • anger
  • guilt / regret
  • anxiety
  • helplessness
  • hopelessness
  • numbness
60
Q

give 3 reactions that somebody going through bereavement might express physically.

A
  • sleep problems
  • changes in appetite
  • physical illness
61
Q

what is the definition of pain?

A
  • unpleasant sensory / emotional experience
  • associated with actual tissue damage
  • subjective
62
Q

Sociology SBA q1…

A

D - patient’s health belief

63
Q

Sociology SBA q2…

A

A - family support

64
Q

According to the sick role, what are the 2 obligations of the patient, and what are the 2 rights of the patient?

A

Obligations…
- demonstrate motivation to get well
- seek technically competent medical help and co-operate with the clinician
Rights…
- exemption from normal role responsibilities
- not to be held responsible for their sickness

65
Q

According to the sick role, what are the 2 obligations of the doctor, and what are the 2 rights of the doctor?

A

Obligations…
- to be technically competent
- to be ‘affectively neutral’ and objective
Rights…
- to be treated by society as a professional, with a degree of independence
- to be allowed access to taboo areas, such as the sick person’s body

66
Q

The three-talk model of shared decision-making…

A
67
Q

The social model of disability…

A
68
Q

ICF model example (spinal cord injury)…

A
69
Q

ICF model example (panic disorder)…

A
70
Q

International Classification of Functioning model (ICF), WHO, 2001…

A
71
Q

Structure vs agency…

A
72
Q

National statistics socioeconomic classification…

A
73
Q

Protected characteristics (equality act 2010)…

A
74
Q

Define health inequality.

A

Health inequity = avoidable differences in health between different groups of people
- these widespread differences are the result of unfair systems that negatively affect people’s living conditions, access to healthcare, and overall health status

75
Q

Describe the 4 ‘types’ of ageing. (chronological, biological, functional age, social ageing).

A
  • Chronological ageing = how old a person is in terms of time since birth
  • Biological ageing = changes in a person’s physical state that accompany chronological ageing
  • Functional age = defined on the basis of functional measures of daily living
  • Social ageing = social expectations about how people should behave or appear as they grow older
76
Q

Health belief model…

A
77
Q

Mechanisms for health inequality (social determinants)…

A
78
Q

Compare the 4 health inequality models (behavioural, materialistic, psychosocial, life-course).

A
79
Q

Mechanisms for health inequality…

A
80
Q

Medical and social models of disability…

A

YEAR 1 MED (49 decks)

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