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YEAR 1 MED > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the UK life expectancy?

A
  • males: 79yo
  • females: 83yo
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2
Q

what are the 4 main factors which influence life expectancy?

A
  • nutrition
  • exercise
  • smoking
  • drinking
  • (weight, sleep, drugs, social life)
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3
Q

what are the main factors of diet that affect life expectanacy and health?

A
  • high intake of sodium
  • low intake of whole grains
  • low intake of fruit
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4
Q

how does social status relate to life expectancy?

A
  • lower socioeconomic status relates to lower life expectancy (poorer diet)
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5
Q

what are the 3 main classes of macronutrients?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats and oils (lipids)
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6
Q

what are the 2 main classes of micronutrients?

A
  • minerals
  • vitamins
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7
Q

what amount of vitamin C per day would likely lead to scurvy?

A
  • less than 10mg of vitamin C a day (very rare in UK)
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8
Q

what are good sources of vitamin C?

A
  • fruit and veg (citrus fruits in particular)
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9
Q

what are the recommended daily intakes of vitamin C?

A
  • children: 30mg
  • men and women: 40mg
  • pregnant: +10mg (for last trimester)
  • smokers: +35mg

(optimal is 100mg+)

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10
Q

what can too much vitamin C intake lead to?

A
  • kidney stones and diarrhoea
  • (particularly avoid in people with renal problems)
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11
Q

what are some good sources of selenium?

A
  • brazil nuts
  • bread
  • shrimp, kidney, liver
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12
Q

what are some selenium deficiency conditions?

A
  • Most common: Selenium is needed for the conversion of thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) into the more active counterpart (T3), therefore if patient has low selenium then check thyroid function
  • also dementia links
  • more rare: Selenium deficiency in combination with Coxsackie infection can lead to Keshan disease (cardiomyopathy)
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13
Q

what is the danger of too much selenium intake?

A
  • Selenosis: nausea, diarrhoea, fatigue, motor weakness
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14
Q

what are some consequences of dehydration?

A
  • affects mental performance
  • low blood pressure
  • acute kidney injury
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15
Q

how much protein is the recommended daily intake (per kg)?

A
  • 0.8g per kg
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16
Q

what is a good source of EPA+DHA (omega-3 fats)?

A
  • oily fish (sardine, salmon, mackarel)
  • > 450mg per day reccomended
17
Q

what can carbohydrates be broken down into?

A
  • Simple (monosaccharides and disaccharides): glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, sucrose)
  • Complex (polysaccharides): starches, fibres, glycogen
18
Q

what are the 3 components of a wholegrain?

A
  • endosperm (starchy inner part of grain)
  • bran (outer part)
  • germ
19
Q

what are the 3 main treatments for obesity?

A
  • Diet: low fat, low carbs, portion control, support groups, higher protein diet is good
  • Pharmacotherapy (eg. orlistat - lipase inhibitor)
  • Bariatric surgery
20
Q

what is the Atkins diet and when is it often used?

A
  • high protein and high-fat diet (low carb)
  • induces ketosis (body burns fat for energy instead of glucose) and rapid weight loss
21
Q

what is the DASH diet?

A
  • Diet Approaches to Stop Hypertension
  • diet used to treat high blood pressure
  • high intake of fruit and veg, high intake of low fat dairy (reduce salts and saturated fats)
22
Q

what is the mediterranean diet?

A
  • rich in fruit, veg, whole grains, olive oil
  • low in meat and confectionery (processed foods)
23
Q

For osteoporosis, describe two dietary interventions that can be made and the specific advice that the GP would give for each of them

A
  • Calcium: dairy products
  • Vitamin D: oily fish, fortified cereals
  • Moderate protein intake: red meat, chicken
  • Reduce alcohol intake
24
Q

If patient is lactose intolerant, why can they not digest lactose?

A
  • The patient cannot produce the enzyme lactase
25
Q

List two treatment options for a patient who is lactose intolerant

A
  • avoid eating lactose-containing foods
  • enzyme-replacement therapy (taking lactase before meals)
26
Q

How can individual clinicians, government and other organisations help patients to eat a healthy diet?

A
  • Health Promotion: vitamin D for breastfed babies and breastfeeding Mums, healthy start vitamins (all children under 5 to have mutivitamin supplement), reduce saturated fats
  • Education: part of curriculum
  • Government Policies: eg. recent requirement to state calories on menus
  • Labeling foods
  • Taxes on less healthy foods
  • Screening: eg. diabetes and heart disease (with dietary advice for those at increased risk)
27
Q

Does a Mediterranean diet lead to increased or reduced risk of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • reduced risk of cardiovascular disease
  • (more fruit/veg and less meat)
28
Q

Key micronutrients, sources and effect of deficiency

A
  • Iron: if deficient then anaemia
  • Vitamin C: antioxidant, enhances absorption of iron and aids wound healing, deficiency leads to scurvy
  • Folate: megaloblastic anaemia, really important in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects (Spina Bifida) in babies
  • Selenium (very high levels in brazil nuts): antioxidant, reduces cancer risk, anti-aging, involved in activation of thyroid hormones, improves cognition and may reduce dementia, improves immune function and fertility
  • Vitamin D: good for bones, deficiency can cause rickets/osteomalacia
29
Q

How to assess nutritional status

A
  • History, Physical examination, Antropometric measurements, Laboratory results, Immune Function
30
Q

Calculate and interpret BMI

A
  • BMI: weight (kg) / height ² (m)
  • underweight: <18.5
  • normal range: 18.5 to 24.9
  • overweight: >25
  • obese: >30
    (but note muscle mass may affect BMI so therefore not always accurate representation)
31
Q

Use of waist measurement

A

Waist measurement measure of truncal fat

32
Q

Which vitamin is teratogenic in high doses?

A
  • Vitamin A
33
Q

What vitamins are alcoholics commonly deficient in?

A
  • folate
  • vitamin B6
  • thiamine
  • vitamin A

YEAR 1 MED (49 decks)

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