Anatomy Flashcards
what are the 3 types of anatomical planes in which a body can be split into?
what does superior and inferior mean anatomically?
- superior: closer to the head
- inferior: closer to the feet
what does medial and lateral mean anatomically?
- medial: closer to the midline of the body
- lateral: further away from the midline of the body
what does anterior and posterior mean anatomically?
- anterior: towards the front of the body
- posterior: towards the back of the body
what does proximal and distal mean anatomically?
what does proximal and distal mean anatomically?
what does superficial and deep mean anatomically?
- superficial: closer to the skin/surface of body
- deep: deeper into the body
what are the 3 main functions of the skeleton?
- Provides support for soft tissues
- Protects our internal organs (eg. skull, ribcage, pelvis)
- Aids body movements (just over 200 bones, many of which interact to form movable joints)
what are the 4 main types of joints in the body?
- Bony joints: the bones are connected by bone (eg. the 3 bones of the pelvis)
- Fibrous joints: the bones are connected by fibres (eg. the bones of the skull)
- Cartilaginous: the bones are connected by cartilage
- Synovial joints: most complex type of joint…
describe synovial joints…
- the smooth articular surfaces of the bones are covered in hyaline cartilage
- the hyaline cartilage is a smooth form of cartilage that helps reduce friction between the bones
- a joint capsule surrounds the joint and usually contains supportive ligaments
- inside, the joint capsule is lined by the synovial membrane
- synovial membrane is vascularised (blood flow) and is important channel for nutrients and also debris removal regarding tissue healing
- inside synovial membrane there is synovial fluid (secreted by synovial membrane) that’s essential to nourish and protect the joint (lubricates hyaline cartilage)
synovial joint diagram…
the 6 types of synovial joints…
what is muscle?
- muscle is a tissue that’s able to generate movement by either contracting or relaxing
hwo do muscles work to move a joint?
- to have an action, a muscle must have at least 2 attachments
- to have an action at a joint, a muscle needs to attach on either side of the joint
- we need at least one muscle for every possible movement at a joint
- how a muscle crosses a joint will determine which action it has at the joint
- muscles can only cause movement by contracting (not lengthen)
how is the nervous system divided? (2 systems)
- Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system: everything else
- (autonomic is CNS / efferent)
- (somatic is sensory / afferent)
what are the somatic and autonomous nervous system?
- Somatic nervous system: voluntary control of the body
- Autonomic nervous system: regulates unconscious bodily functions such as heart rate or digestion
describe some features of arteries…
- arteries carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
- therefore they have thick walls, with muscle and elastic fibres to support them
describe some features of veins…
- veins carry blood to the heart at low pressure
- the walls are relatively thin, contain valves that ensure blood only travels in one direction
what does supine and prone mean?
- supine: facing upwards
- prone: facing downwards
inversion and eversion of foot…
Bones of the leg…
Where can you feel the posterior tibial artery?
- the artery passes posterior to the medial malleolus
Bony landmarks of the pelvis (foramen, fossa, spine, tuberosity/tubercle/trochanter)…
- Foramen = a hole in a bone
- Fossa = a shallow depression or crater
- Spine = a sharp, raised region
- Tuberosity/tubercle/trochanter = a raised bump for the attachment of muscles or ligaments
Describe the difference between the functions of tendons and ligaments
- Ligaments join bone to bone
- Ligaments maintain joint stability by providing a stop point, or prevent a movement
- A tendon is attached to the end of muscle fibres at one end and bone at the other
- A tendon allows movement whereas a ligament is designed to prevent it
- Tendons transmit muscle power generated by contraction to the bones to allow movement to occur
Embryology - stages of development (overview)
Describe the development of the bilaminar germ disc (week 2)…
- note: primary villi and lacunae form primitive umbilical cord as embryo cannot get enough nutrients etc. from just diffusion anymore
Describe what gastrulation is and when the 3 germ cell layers are formed.
Describe what each of the 3 germ cell layers develop into.
Describe the development of the neural tube and the development of somites.
- body cavity (flat disc) folds to form tubes (neural tube is formed here)
- neurulation is the formation of the central nervous system
- somites are part of the paraxial mesoderm
- somites ultimately give rise to the axial skeleton
Diagram of the formation of somites.
- good video on somite formation: https://youtu.be/9N-q7z2Zz4s
Describe what the lateral plate mesoderm forms.
Describe bone formation.
Diagram of bone development and epiphyseal plates…
Describe the formation of the axial skeleton.
Embryology, development of the skull…
Describe the process of limb develpoment.
- mesenchymal cells are in the limb buds
- FGF = fibroblast growth factor (present at distal ends of limb buds to allow growth)
- good video: https://youtu.be/VpbdqGJ9LWk
Limb development: in which way do the upper and lower limbs rotate after being formed?
What is the role of a sesamoid bone and give an example.
- sesamoid bones attach tendons to each other
- eg. patella
Peripheral nerves and roots…
- yellow: femoral nerve (splits into saphenous nerve which supplies medial aspect of leg)
- blue: obturator nerve (passes through obturator foramen)
- red: sciatic nerve (splits into red tibial nerve and green common peroneal nerve)
- (note: tibial nerve further splits into sural nerve which only has sensory function of leg apart from medial aspect)
Muscles of the anterior thigh (muscles, function, attachments of sartorius, nerve supply)…
- femoral triangle: sartorius, adductor longus, inguinal ligament (femoral triangle contains femoral vein, artery, and nerve)
- sartorius attachments: ASIS and tibia
- role of muscles is hip flexion and knee flexion (apart from sartorius which is hip flexion and knee flexion as it crosses over the thigh)
- nerve supply: femoral nerve
Where does the quadriceps tendon attach?
- tibial tuberosity
Muscles of the medial thigh (muscles, function, nerve supply)…
- adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus (largest)
- role: adduction
- nerve supply: obturator nerve
Muscles of the anterior leg (muscles, function, nerve supply)…
- role: ankle extension (dorsiflexion) and inversion of foot
- nerve supply: deep peroneal (or fibular) nerve
- extensor hallucis longus: great toe extension
- tibialis anterior: ankle dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
- extensor digitorum longus: extends digits
Muscles of the lateral leg (fibularis muscles) (role, nerve supply)…
- role: ankle eversion
- nerve supply: superficial peroneal (or fibular) nerve
What does plexus mean?
- plexus = network of nerves (allows multiple nerve roots to supply a section of the body)
Gluteal muscles (nerve supplies, roles)…
- gluteus maximus: inferior gluteal nerve, hip extension
- gluteus minimus: superior gluteal nerve
- note: all supplied by lumbosacral plexus but individually supplied by different nerves
Muscles of the posterior thigh (hamstrings) (role, nerve supply, innervations)…
- all innervate from ischial tuberosity
- nerve supply: sciatic nerve
Muscles of the posterior leg (nerve supply)…
- nerve supply: tibial nerve
The hip joint…
- ball and socket joint
- synovial joint (has a joint capsule that contains synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid which nourishes and protects the joint)
- blood supply to femoral head: retinacular vessels
- weight-bearing joint, therefore sacrifices mobility for stability
What are the 6 movements which both the hip and shoulder (ball and socket) joints can do?
- flexion, extension
- abduction, adduction
- lateral rotation, medial rotation
What 3 bones make up the innominate bone of the hip?
- ilium, ischium, pubic bone
Knee joint…
- ACL attachments: lateral femoral condyle to tibia
- PCL attachments: medial femoral condyle to tibia
- primary role of patella: knee extension (increases leverage of quadriceps tendon for knee extension)
Ankle joint and foot…
- most commonly injured ligament: anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
- deltoid ligament complex: medial aspect of ankle
Brachial plexus…
- brachial plexus is C5 to T1
- there are 8 cervical nerves but 7 cervical vertebra
- the brachial plexus innervates the upper limb (from CNS to upper limb)
Shoulder bones…
Rotator cuff muscles…
