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YEAR 1 MED > Public health > Flashcards

Public health Flashcards

1
Q

what is a reservoir of infection?

A
  • any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance in which the diverse agent normally lives or mulitplies
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2
Q

what is a transmission pathway when talking about disease?

A
  • mechanism by which an infectious agent is spread from a source (reservoir) to a susceptible individual
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3
Q

Examples of direct person-to-person spread of disease.

A
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4
Q

COVID example of transmission…

A
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5
Q

Examples of indirect person-to-person spread of disease…

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6
Q

Examples of animal to human spread of disease…

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7
Q

Examples of environment to human spread of disease…

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8
Q

Examples of 2 diseases (cholera and campylobacter) that have a more complex transmission…

A
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9
Q

give an example of a disease that is transmitted by a vector (eg. a mosquito)

A
  • malaria
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10
Q

The Public Health model

A
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11
Q

Reducing susceptible population and reducing infectious population…

A

.

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12
Q

Describe the requirements of the health protection (notification) regulations.

A
  • Medical professional has a duty to notify suspected disease, infection, or contamination in patients

A registered medical practitioner must notify the proper officer of the relevant authority if they have reasonable grounds for suspecting that a patient…
- has a notifiable disease
- has an infection which presents or could present significant harm to human health
- or is contaminated in a manner which, in the view of the medical professional presents or could present significant harm to human health

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13
Q

Key people and their roles related to public health…

A
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14
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

= the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why

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15
Q

what are some reasons why we collect epidemiological data?

A
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16
Q

what are the two broad types of epidemiology?

A
  • Descriptive epidemiology: describes the distribution of disease among the population by characteristics relating to time, place, and people. It is used to generate hypotheses on risk factors and causes of disease
  • Analytical epidemiology: measures the association between a particular exposure and a disease. It is used to test hypotheses about why and how disease occurs. This can be done using observational and/or experimental studies
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17
Q

Different study designs and whether they are observational or experimental.

A
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18
Q

what is a cross-sectional study, what is a cohort study, and what is a case-control study?

A
  • Cross-sectional study: assesses the prevalence of an outcome in a broad population at a single time point
    (eg. health survey for England)
  • Cohort study: follows a group of people to track risk factors and outcomes over time
  • Case-control study: compares histories of a group of people with a condition to a group of (similar) people without the condition
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19
Q

What is a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and what is a non-randomised controlled trial (quasi-experimental)?

A
  • Randomised controlled trias (RCTs): participants are randomly allocated to intervention and control conditions
  • Non-randomised controlled trial (quasi-experimental): participants are assigned to intervention and control conditions but their allocation is not random
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20
Q

what are the 3 categories of ill-health which data is collected from in the scope of descriptive epidemiology?

A
  • infectious diseases
  • non-communicable diseases
  • injuries / other
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21
Q

what are the 3 important pieces of information that we need to collect for descriptive epidemiology?

A
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22
Q

what are some sources of epidemiological data?

A
  • birth and death certificates
  • population census records
  • patient medical records
  • disease registries
  • insurance claims
  • public health department case reports
  • surveys of individuals (Health survey for England)
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23
Q

what is the common classification system used across all countries to report diseases and health conditions?

A

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

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24
Q

what is the most comprehensive worldwide observational epidemiological study to date?

A

The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD)

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25
Q

what is incidence vs prevalence?

A
  • Incidence = the rate of occurrence of new cases
  • Prevalence = the proportion of cases in the population at a given time

(thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is)

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26
Q

what is mortality rate vs case-fatality rate?

A
  • Mortality rate = a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval
  • Case-fatality rate = a measure of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval, relative to the total number of cases
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27
Q

what is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

A
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28
Q

Examples of how a doctor can signpost regarding injuries / other…

A
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29
Q

Examples of how a doctor can signpost regarding infectious diseases…

A
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30
Q

What are non-communicable diseases and give a couple of examples.

A

.

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31
Q

Recommended exercise for children and adults…

A
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32
Q

Recommended alcohol intake per week…

A
  • 14 units is the guideline
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33
Q

Example of clinical approach vs public health approach…

A
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34
Q

What are some modifiable risk factors?

A
  • smoking
  • exercise
  • drinking
  • diet
35
Q

Eatwell guide…

A
36
Q

What is social prescribing?

A
  • a means of enabling GPs, nurses, and other primary care professionals to refer people to a range of local non-clinical services
  • (1 in 5 people visit the GP for non-clinical reasons)
37
Q

Describe the reference population used in calculating a T-score

A
  • young, gender-matched population with peak bone mass
38
Q

Info regarding vaccines (what vaccines do and some common myths)…

A
39
Q

Other than people with chronic conditions, name four other different groups of people who are encouraged to receive the flu immunisation

A
  • Older people
  • Pregnant women
  • Children (age 2-17)
  • Morbid obesity
  • Living in a long-stay residential care home
  • Carers
  • Front-line health workers
40
Q

Describe two characteristics of the condition (prostate cancer) that make it suitable for population screening and two characteristics of the test for population screening

A

Characteristics of the condition…
- The condition is important (common and disabling)
- The epidemiology and natural history are well understood
- There is a recognisable pre-symptomatic phase

Characteristics of the test…
- The screening test is reliable
- The test is acceptable to the population
- Easy to perform, sensitive, specific, and low cost
- The treatment should be effective and available
- Case-finding should be a continuous process and not just done once

41
Q

Patient talks to GP and decides that the harms of having the PSA test do not warrant testing at that time. Two years later, patient presents with new-onset back pain which is unrelieved with analgesia, GP recommends a PSA test. What is the reason for the GP ordering this test now and not two years ago?

A
  • The test is now used as a diagnostic test to look for metastatic prostate cancer
  • Benefits of the test outweigh the harms
42
Q

The national chlamydia screening programme has been initiated in order to reduce this disease in the English population. What level of disease prevention is this?

A
  • Secondary prevention
43
Q

What is the WHO definition of health?

A
  • Health = a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
44
Q

What is public health and what is the aim of it?

A
  • Public Health = the science and art of preventing disease, prologing life, and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society, organisations and individuals
  • aims to provide maximum benefit for the largest number of people
  • seeks to improve health and safety by addressing underlying risk factors that increase risk of disease
  • (define problem, identify risk and preventive factors, develop and test prevention strategies and assure widespread adoption)
45
Q

Discuss Primary, Secondary and Tertiary prevntion and give examples of each

A
  • Primary Prevention: pre-pathologic, reduce disease incidence and prevalence
  • Secondary Prevention: screening and treatment, find and treat disease early
  • Tertiary Prevention: rehabilitation, reduce suffering, prevent complications and help people get better
46
Q

Explain the definition, rationale and general principles of disease surveillance

A

Definition: Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those responsible for prevention and control

Allows…
- to describe the burden of disease
- to detect sudden changes in disease occurrence and distribution
- to monitor changes in prevalence over time
- to monitor changes in health behaviours
- to identify priorities
- to inform programmes and policies
- to evaluate prevention and control effects
- to develop hypotheses and stimulate research

47
Q

Describe the health benefits of physical activity

A
  • Reduces dementia (up to 30%)
  • Reduces all-cause mortality (up to 30%)
  • Reduces Hip Fractures (up to 68%)
  • Reduces Depression (up to 30%)
  • Reduces Cardiovascular Disease (up to 35%)
  • Reduces Type 2 Diabetes (up to 40%)
  • Reduces Colon cancer (up to 30%)
  • Reduces Breast Cancer (up to 20%)
48
Q

What is screening and what is the purpose of screening?

A
  • Screening = testing people who do not suspect they have a health problem (without symptoms / asymptomatic)
  • reduces risk of future ill health (by earlier detection and treatment)
  • provides information (to help make choices)
49
Q

Some examples of NHS national screening programmes…

A
50
Q

Screening within other NHS programmes…

A
51
Q

Stages and outcomes of the screening process…

A
52
Q

Components of a screening programme…

A
53
Q

Screening can cause harm…

A
54
Q

Common sources of bias in screening evaluation…

A
55
Q

The socio-ecological model…

A
56
Q

10 of the most common workplace hazards…

A
57
Q

If temp. rise cannot be kept within 1.5 degrees celsius…

A
58
Q

Observed impacts of climate change on public health…

A
59
Q

Projected impacts of climate change on public health…

A
60
Q

What is a learning disability?

A
  • individuals with a learning disability have an ‘impaired intelligence’ and are classified as follows…
  • mild (IQ = 50-60)
  • moderate (IQ = 35-40)
  • severe (IQ = 20-34)
  • profound (IQ < 20)
61
Q

What is the equality act?

A
  • Equality Act: we are required by law to provide equal access to health and social care including the duty to provide reasonable adjustments to your services
62
Q

What is global health?

A
  • the health of populations in the global context
  • defined as: “ the area of study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for a ll people worldwide. Global health emphasises transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions “
63
Q

Describe how health inequalities affect different populations

A
  • the determinants of health: social, economic and political conditions
  • Health inequalities = difference in health status or distribution of health determinants between different population groups
  • impact of income group on school readiness, vocabulary and behaviour
  • many national, regional, and local measures to reduce health inequalities: eg. campaigns promoting healthy actions and access to health programmes
  • local programmes: eg. programmes addressing obesity (healthy eating and exercise)
64
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of death globally?

A
  • pneumonia
  • malaria
  • diarrhoea
65
Q

Describe the effect of occupation on human health

A
  • Mental Health: unemployment and impact of workplace, colleagues, stress, work-life balance, poor performance, fulfilment, salary
  • Physical Health: back pain in physical jobs or prolonged sitting, noise, skin irritants
  • Specific Occupational Hazards: injury, slips, trips, falls, specific diseases eg asbestosis
66
Q

Where we live is a key determinant of life expectancy…

A
67
Q

Causes of death can be grouped into 3 broad categories…

A
  • NCDs cause the most deaths globally
68
Q

Risk factors for health (traditional and modern)…

A
69
Q

The 3 factors which underly epidemiological transition…

A
  • epidemiological transition = means that as countries increase their level of development, early death and disability from infectious diseases are declining and life expectancies are rising
70
Q

The epidemiological transition…

A
71
Q

What does the inverse care law state?

A
  • The inverse care law: the principle that the availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served
72
Q

The Kindon model…

A
73
Q

UK annual mortality rate from modifiable risk factors…

A
74
Q

Descrbe how the health needs of LGBT people differ from the general population

A
  • LGBT - estimate 5-7 % population
  • increased mental health issues - increase anxiety and self harm, increased suicide, increase substance misuse, increased smoking
  • Lesbian increased overweight, Gay men increased underweight

Because…
- social attitudes - rejection and violence - different in different communities
- prejudice, rejection, lifestyle, fear of disclosure

  • Increased health risk behaviour
  • Avoid and delay seeking health care - heteronormic and homophobic system
  • Lack knowledge of specific issues related to LGTB
  • Negative staff attitudes lead to inequalities in care and poorer outcomes
75
Q

Descirbe the barriers to health care faced by LGBT people

A
  • Avoid seeking help because of heteronormic and homophobic systems
  • Negative attitudes of staff lead to poorer standard of care and poorer outcomes
  • Poor understanding of specific issues and illnesses
76
Q

Describe how the health needs of BAME people differ from the general population

A
  • Higher self-reported health needs at all ages
  • Mental Health: higher psychosis Black Africans and Black Caribbean, Higher suicide South Asian young women
  • Cancer - variations - eg. liver cancer higher in Asian
  • Later diagnosis eg. breast cancer in black women compared with white
  • Obesity - increased in black African / Caribbean
  • Smoking - high rates in Bangladeshi/Pakistani/Irish men
  • Alcohol - non white groups have higher rates abstinence and lower levels of frequent heavy drinking
  • Physical Activity - lower in South Asian groups
77
Q

The scope of public health (3 components)…

A
78
Q

Universal health coverage…

A
  • UHC means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventative, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship
79
Q

How is physical activity protective?

A
80
Q

Disability threshold diagram…

A
81
Q

The wider well-being benefits of physical activity…

A
82
Q

Physical activity and inpatient setting…

A
83
Q

Main barrier to physical activity for people living with a long-term condition…

A

YEAR 1 MED (49 decks)

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