Sociology 1 Flashcards
Self-Presentation
- Describe “Impression Management”
- What does this concept imply?
- The concept of “presenting oneself”*
- implies that the representation of ourselves to others is not always genuine
- individuals attempt to shape, manipulate, and manage how they are perceived by others*
- Social Groups:
- Secondary Group
- Define & give an example
- What’s a good way to distinguish b/t a primary and secondary group?
- Secondary Group
- Short-lived, superficial, weak bonds, dissolve easily
- Ex: The people you were in Writing 120 with Freshman year
- Usually, more people in the group means more secondary-like relationships
Social Control
- Describe INFORMAL Social Control
- Includes “expressions of…?”*
- Give some examples of Informal Social Control*
INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
is socialization, or any other means used to:
- encourage adherence to societal norms and values for acceptable behavior
This includes EXPRESSIONS OF DISAPPROVAL,
Be they…
- Verbal
- Non-verbal, or
- Written
Examples:
- shame
- ridicule
- sarcasm
- criticism
- Define “Promiscuity”
Practice of having frequent, casual sex
with different partners
Deviace
- Strain Theory
Define “REBELLION”
- How does it differ from “Retreatism?”
- What’s a recent modern example of this?
- THINK: HUNGER GAMES*
- REJECTS both the GOALS and MEANS (same as Retreatism)
_…but goes a step further to PROMOTE A COUNTER CULTURE to support their actions!_
Example:
- Tea-Party activists voted in favor of shutting down the U.S. Govt.
- b/c they disagreed with the proposed budget
Collective Behavior
- Define “Groups”
- What is the difference between a primary and secondary group?
- Give examples of both
- two or more people interacting and identifying with e/o
PRIMARY groups
- Made up of a SMALL group of members
- Share an intense, intimate bond
- …that is lasting and INFLUENTIAL
Example:
THE FAMILY
SECONDARY groups
- are made up of a LARGE, IMPERSONAL group of members
- exist for a SHORT period of time
Example:
Students in a course at BYU
- Social Adherence
- What are the 2 kinds of CONFORMITY?
INTERNALIZATION
&
IDENTIFICATION
Peer Pressure
- What do the findings from the Asch Conformity Study suggest?
- “WHICH LINE IS LONGER?”*
We may be willing to question our own beliefs and judgments in the face of disagreement with others
- Groupthink
- Irving Janis’ 8 Symptoms of Groupthink
- Define “Pressure to conform”
- Irving Janis’ 8 Symptoms of Groupthink
Individuals in the group feel pressure not to voice disagreements with the group
Define Socialization
- The basic concept of human development in sociology
- a lifelong process, beginning in infancy, by which an individual acquires the habits, norms, and beliefs of society
- also includes the ways in which the society itself disseminates (or passes to new members or generations) those skills, knowledge, and behaviors considered “acceptable” to society, or necessary for inclusion into society
What does “Cognitive Prejudice” refer to?
- What is an example of cognition applied to prejudice?
_Refers to what people BELIEVE is true_
- Refers to what a person ACTUALLY thinks or believes about the target of the prejudice
- opposed to what they FEEL (emotion)*
- or DO (behavior)*
Stereotypes are an example of cognition applied to prejudice
- What they think or believe about the group influences what they feel or do towards them
- Define “Monogamy”
- One spouse per person
- is the norm in many countries
Theories of Emotional Expression
- Describe the APPRAISAL Model
- Hows does it compare to the Basic Model?
Very similar to basic model
- Both suggest a biologically programmed emotional response
- Appraisal model goes further to suggest that there are cognitive appraisals of an event*
- …that RESULT in emotional response*
Name the 2 types of processes related to STEREOTYPES
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Stereotype Threat
- Which brain region/s are most closely associated with aggression?
- The Hypothalamus, and related structures of the limbic system
Game Theory
- Game Types
Describe the Zero-Sum Game
involves a situation in which one’s GAIN
is EXACTLY BALANCED
…by the LOSSES of others
What are “Agents of Socialization?”
Name the 4 that the MCAT wants you to know
- Institutions or groups in society that play a definitive role in socialization
- The Family is the MOST INFLUENTIAL
- Mass Media
- Peers
- Workplace
- There can be other agents, like religion, school, govt. etc, but these are the ones to remember
Social Control
- Define FORMAL Social Control
Laws, Sanctions, or Regulations
enforced by an AUTHORITY figure
(often the government)
Group Polarization=?
- Tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme (on either end of the continuum) then would individual members of that group acting alone.
- Ex: “KILL THE BEAST! **BOOM** KILL THE BEAST!”
- Attributional Processes
- Describe Social Perception
- why are our social perceptions usually false?
- Describe Social Perception
- How we perceive other individuals or groups, form impressions of them, and make judgments about them
- our social perceptions are often INACCURATE due to various forms of bias
Social Norms/Define “Anomie.” What is it also used to describe?
=Normlessness. A state of instability due to lack of social norms, or the breakdown of social standards or values. Also used to describe a breakdown in the normal social bonding between the individual and society.
- Social Perception Biases
- Self-Serving Bias
- describe and give an example
- Self-Serving Bias
- We often try to enhance our self-esteem by using a self-serving bias
- Focus on our strengths while downplaying our weaknesses and any negative feedback we may receive
- Ex: believing we’re more intelligent than we actually are, and blaming our personal failures on others
Define Sanctions
are consequences, formal or informal, assigned by members of society as a result of norm violation.
Define Mores. Give an example of breaking a more
- are norms that have great moral significance and are WIDELY OBSERVED by members of society.
- Ex: Driving while intoxicated is an example of a violation of a more.
Define Primary Socialization
- is the most influential type of socialization.
- it is the most intense and has the longest-term effects
- The family is considered to be the agent of primary socialization (parents & siblings and/or spouse and children)
- Social Groups
- Primary Group
- define & give an example
- Primary Group
- long-lasting, close interactions, tight bonds, unlikely to dissolve
- Key example: LA FAMILIA
- Mate Choice
- Name the “Five Mechanisms for Choosing a Mate”
- Hint: “P(ee)PIGS!”
- (Direct) Phenotypic benefits
- Sensory bias
- Fisherian Runway Hypothesis
- Indicator Traits
- Genetic Compatibility
- Social Perception Bias
- Define the Just-World Hypothesis
- is the tendency to believe that people get what they deserve
- Ex: Poor people are poor because theyre lazy, Rich people are reaping rewards of a lifetime’s hard work, etc.
- Elements of Social Interaction
- Define “Role”
- A set of expectations and norms that define how a person of a given status should behave
- Social Groups
- Group Size
- Large Group
- What things increase with size? What things decrease?
- Large Group
- Group Size
- As group size increases, stability and longevity also increase….
- BUT intimacy, loyalty, bonding, sense of responsibility, level of individual contribution, and concensus all decline
- Most stable group size
- Verbal vs. Non-verbal communication
- What is required for something to be considered “verbal” communication?
- Give examples
- Language of any kid=Verbal
- Ex:
- speaking
- sign language
- braille
- (doesnt matter if it’s silent communication)
In sociology, Deviance is shaped by what?
Society
- Attributional Processes
- Describe Attribute Substitution
- When faced with a complex mental task or judgment, we tend to substitute the actual scenario or problem with a more simple scenario or problem
- were usually unaware we’ve done so
- This includes mental substitutions the brain makes automatically- such as the visual shortcuts that cause us to misinterpret an optical illusion
- Social Adherence
- Conformity: when and why does it occur? What does it result from?
- Occurs when an indiv alters their behaviors or attitudes in order to “fit in” a social context.
- Conformity is considered to result from the passive influence that others have on out own behaviors an attidues
- Discrimination
- When you see “Prejudice,” think…
Prejudice=ATTUTIDE!!! (not actions)
Describe “Collective Behavior.” It is neither ___ nor ___ . What is it often thought as?
social processes or behavior by group-like entities (called “collectives”) that do NOT reflect stable social culture, but emerge in a spontaneous way. It is neither normative nor deviant behavior. Often thought as a third class of behavior that exists when social norms are absent, unclear, or in conflict w/ e/o.
Peer Pressure
-
Asch Conformity Study
- Describe what happened
- Students were put in groups, were told it was a study of visual perception
- All but one of the individuals in the group was told it was their job to put pressure on the remaining person
- They were given 2 cards with lines on them
It was easy to determine that the lines on the second card was the correct choice
- At the beginning of the experiment, everyone made correct matches
- but then they started answering incorrectly
- the uninformed student started feeling uncomfortable, and started answering incorrectly
just so he could fit in
- Describe “discrimination”
- is the biased behavior that occurs toward a person or group **BECAUSE OF **prejudice
Game Theory
- Game Types
- Describe a Non-Zero Sum Game
- involves situations in which one’s GAIN is NOT balanced by the LOSSES of others
example:
You and 5 friends play poker, players given $20 in chips.
If you WIN $20, that means that 4 OTHER PEOPLE all lost $20 each
- Groupthink
- Irving Janis’ 8 Symptoms of Groupthink
- Define “Illusion of Unanimity”
- Irving Janis’ 8 Symptoms of Groupthink
Group members believe that the view of the majority is held by ALL in the group
- Game Theory
- What type of game does the Prisoner Dilemma represent?
- a Simultaneous Game
- players either act at the same time or in ways that make it impossible to know how the other player acted
Define Prejudice
a preconceived belief or judgment about a person or group developed
PRIOR TO,(or NOT based upon)
actual experience or knowledge
- Describe “Prejudice”
- is a preconceived opinion or judgment made WITHOUT actual knowledge or experience
Deviace/Strain Theory/Define “Retreatism.” What do we usually refer to these individuals as?
When an individual rejects BOTH societies’ goals as well as the conventional means to achieve those goals. Often we refer to these people as “societal dropouts”
- Define “Polygamy”
- where are places where it is the norm?
- What are its two forms?
- two or more spouses per person
- is the norm in many low income countries
- Two forms:
- Polygyny
- Polyandry
- Describe the theory of “Inclusive Fitness”
Theory in evolutionary biology in which an organism’s genetic success is believed to be derived from:
- cooperation and
- altruistic behaviour
THINK: Prarie Dogs or Meerkats warning others of danger
- Social Perception Biases
- Define the Primacy Effect
- is experienced when we recall the first few items in a list more readily than others
- Groupthink
- Irving Janis’ 8 Symptoms of Groupthink
- Define “Illusion of Morality”
- Irving Janis’ 8 Symptoms of Groupthink
the group setting fosters a belief that the groups actions are above moral reproach
- Social Adherence
- Conformity/Internalization=?
the process by which an individual accepts as his or her own a set of norms established by people or groups which are influential to that individual
- What are some (4) factoids to remember about aggression?
- Theats prior to attack are common in humans and animals
- Males are MORE AGGRESSIVE than females
- Testosterone levels positively correlate with aggression in both sexes
-
Competition for limited food and resources is often necessary for survival, and reproduction often involves competition for females
- BOTH lead to aggression being evolutionarily favored
- Aggression is more likely if person is experiencing heightened NEGATIVE emotion
Perspectives on Deviance: Describe Differential Association Theory
Through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, and techniques for deviant behavior (especially criminal behavior)
- Cultural relativism encourages ___ and ___, which ethnocentrism often creates ___, and the notion that there are cultural “____s.”
- First, ethnocentrism often creates conflict, whereas
- cultural relativism encourages openness and inclusion. Also, ethnocentrism reinforces the notion that there are cultural universals – that there are “right” ways to go about our social lives
- Processes related to stereotypes
- Stereotype Threat
- Anxiety experienced by the target of a negative stereotype that they will behave in accordance with the negative stereotype placed upon them
Define Social Control
Societal or Political mechanisms used to regulate the behavior of individuals to ensure conformity and compliance to the established rules of that group
- Groupthink
- Irving Janis’ 8 Symptoms of Groupthink
- Define “Self-Censorship”
- Irving Janis’ 8 Symptoms of Groupthink
Individuals who may doubt the group do not voice their concerns in the group setting
- Social Groups
- Group Size
- Define “Dyad”
- What causes a dyad to dissolve?
- Define “Dyad”
- Group Size
- smallest possible group
- tend to be emotional and unstable
- Is dissolved if so much as ONE PERSON leaves the group
- less likely to survive
Perspectives on Deviance: Define “Functional Theorists.” What do they say wrt deviance?
Say that Deviance is not necessarily negative, and is in fact necessary for social order. Deviance helps clarify the boundaries of social norms, and can play a positive role in initiating social change.
- Social Groups
- In groups vs. Out Groups
- Give examples of each
- Think of High School cliques!
- In groups vs. Out Groups
- In Groups are social groups that members feel an affinity for, or loyalty to and respect for
- Ex: alumni associations, your own political parties, your own religious affiliation, Uncle Duane & UVU Scholarship’s ball, etc/
- Out groups are social groups that individuals feel competition or conflict towards
- race, ethnicity, (opposing) political parties, opposing religions, etc.
- Define “foraging behavior”
- searching for wild food resources
- plays important role in an animal’s ability to survive and reproduce
- Processes related to stereotypes
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- a false, yet strongly held belief or prediction about an individual or group that is accepted as true
- the false belief elicits behaviors that match the belief, eventually causing what was originally false to become true (or perceived as being true)
- Ex: Mary gets good grades, but is told she is “remedial.” This negatively affects her study habits, and she eventually starts scoring below other students
- This confirms her teacher’s belief that she is “remedial”
Define Taboos and give an example
- are THE MOST morally significant violation of norms, and the mere thought of violation brings about a strong, negative response from members of society.
- Ex: forcing others to have sex.
- Game Theory
- Game Types
- Sequential Move Game
- Game Types
- moves are made in sequence with later players having some knowledge of the player’s previous actions