Group Session Missed Flashcards
Reaction formation
Reacting the OPPOSITE WAY to how you REALLY feel
(Is a Defense Mechanism)
Ex:
- Reacting sarcastically (as if you DO know what it is) about something that you really know NOTHING about
Ex:
- “What? You dont know about astrophysics? You’re a moron! I know everything!!”)
Define “Social Constructionism”
- Give an example
WE create the world we live in,
and the world we live in creates US
In other words:
Anything that is created is as a result of a social activity
Example:
- Technology built up by humans with certain values or beliefs
What’s an example of a schema? ex: gender schema
Guys dont ask for directions schema≈model
What’s an example of a script? ex: gender script
scripts are the actions of a schema
Apparent Weight=___-___
actual weight-buoyant force
Buoyant Force formula
Fs=pVg
From where in the cell can RNA be synthesized? (3)
-nucleus -ER -Gytoplasm
Passive Immunity results from receiving the antibody from…?
an outside source (ex: receiving an injection of antibodies to a specific antigen, or an infant receiving antibodies from mother’s milk)
What enzyme(s) are found in the lumen of the small intestine?
Chymotrypsin
“wobble” in genetic code
AA’s coded for by 3 bases (“codons”) in mRNA. A single AA may correspond to several different codons. Third base is BY FAR the most common variation. ex: GGG,GGC most likely code for the same AA.
What makes a good vaccine “Target?”why?
a membrane protein, so that antibodies in bloodstream can access the protein and form an immune response to them.
A point mutation will like change the ___ structure of a protein by changing what?
primary structure of a protein, by changing an AA in the sequence.
What is “oligomerization?” What is an example?
formation of an oligomer from a monomer. ex: alpha and ß subunits of Hb
What is an “oligomer?”
a cpd intermediate b/t a monomer and a polymer, normally having a specified number of units between 5 and 100
A _____ at the 5’ position is required for RNA splicing to occur. What happens if you have a different NT?
Guanine. If you had a different NT, the exon and intron wouldnt get cleaved, and the intron wont be spliced out from the mRNA transcript
E and Z stereochemistry only apply to?
R groups around double bonds
How many Carbons in Lysine?
6 (Lysine has 6 letters)
If Keq=1, what is ∆G?
∆G=0
∆G=? What will you always get taking the log of a (positive) decimal less than 1?
∆G= -RTln(Keq). taking the log of a positive decimal that’s greater than 1 always gives you a NEGATIVE number. This would make ∆G positive, since there’s a (-) before R
- In chemistry experiements, what does “reflux” mean?

- Pendulum formula
- L=length of wire
- T=period
- is the INVERSE of frequence, 1/f

- Compare the Hippocampus and the Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- is responsible for the processing and storage of short-term memory.
- Amygdala
- is responsible for emotions, moods, and other functions related to depression and anxiety.

- Periodic trends
- Compare Electronegativity and Ionization Energy

- Draw Fisher Projections for:
-
D- and L- Glyceraldehyde
-
Where are COOH and R groups going to be located?
- What happens to the D/L config if the only thing you swap is the location of COOH & R groups?
-
Where are COOH and R groups going to be located?
-
D- and L- Glyceraldehyde
- COOH- and R groups are on TOP and BOTTOM
- If you swap their positions, it changes D to L and vice versa
- What was “D” is now “L”
- Fischer Projections
- What is the STEREOCHEMISTRY of Fischer projections?

- What does a “Schiff Base” look like?

- How many stereoisomers in Penicillin G?

- 23=8

Describe the CENTRAL DOGMA in Eukaryotic cells
- How do Retroviruses VIOLATE this?
DNA⇒RNA⇒Proteins
In eukaryotes (organisms with a nuclear membrane):
- DNA undergoes replication and transcription in the nucleus, and proteins are made in the cytoplasm
RNA must therefore travel across the nuclear membrane before it undergoes translation
- This means that transcription and translation are PHYSICALLY SEPARATED
- The primary transcript, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA), undergoes extensive post-transcriptional processing to make:
- a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule
- …that can pass through the nuclear membrane
- a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule
Retro viruses (e.g., HIV) have RNA as their genetic material
- When infecting host cells, retroviruses use an enzyme called “reverse transcriptase”
- to produce DNA which is then inserted into the host’s DNA
∴, RNA⇒DNA (Violates Central Dogma)
- In a NEURON, where can HISTONES be found?
- In the SOMA
- “Soma-“ means “body”
-
The Soma is the main portion of the neuron, where the nucleus is
- ∴ DNA is there
- ∴ Histones are there as well

- DNA has a _____ charge, and Histones have a_____ charge
- How does this affect HELICASE?
- DNA has a NEGATIVE charge
- Histones have a POSITIVE charge
Histones make DNA more neutral, and this allows Helicase to get in an unzip the DNA strands
When you see “Methylation,” think?
INACTIVATION!
- Phosphatase: ____ phosphate group
- Kinase: ____ phosphate group
Phosphatase
- REMOVES phosphate ghroup
Kinase
- ADDS phosphate group
- Insulin vs. Glucagon
- Which is ANABOLIC?
- Which is CATABOLIC?
Insulin is ANABOLIC
- (builds up things)
Glucagon is CATABOLIC
- (breaks things down)
-
HIGH affinity transporters are able to uptake their respective molecules at….?
- In other words when the thing they are transporting is…?
- …at LOW CONCENTRATIONS
- aka when the thing they are transporting is SCARCE!
What does a Lineweaver Burk plot look like for:
COMPETITIVE Inhibition

What does a Lineweaver Burk plot look like for:
UNCOMPETITIVE Inhibition

What does a Lineweaver Burk plot look like for:
NONCOMPETITIVE Inhibition

Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
O-
- Donating
- STRONGLY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-NR2
- Donating
- STRONGLY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-NH2 (Amines)
- Donating
- STRONGLY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-OH (“Phenol groups” when attached to a ring)
- Donating
- STRONGLY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-OR (Ethers)
- Donating
- STRONGLY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-NHCOR (Amides)

- Donating
- MODERATELY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-OCOR (Esters)

- Donating
- MODERATELY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-R (Alkyl groups)
THINK: Methyl Group, CH3
- Donating
- WEAKLY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-Ph
- Donating
- WEAKLY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
CH=CR2 (Vinyl groups)

- Donating
- WEAKLY activating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-H
- NEITHER electron donating NOR withdrawing
- is used as a reference point*
- Likewise, it is neither ring activating nor deactivating (is NEUTRAL)
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-X (Halides)
- Withdrawing
- WEAKLY Deactivating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-COH (Aldehydes)

- Withdrawing
- MODERATELY deactivating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-COR (Ketones)
- Withdrawing
- MODERATELY deactivating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-COOR (Esters)
- Withdrawing
- MODERATELY deactivating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-COOH (Carboxylic Acid)
- Withdrawing
- MODERATELY deactivating
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-CF3 (Trihalides)
- Withdrawing
- STRONGLY deactivating!
Is the following:
- Electron Donating OR Withdrawing?
- Ring Activating OR Deactivating?
- Is it strongly, moderately, weakly, etc.
-:CN (Cyano groups)
- Withdrawing
- STRONGLY deactivating!
Describe the FORMATION CONSTANT, Kf
- What is it a MEASURE of?
- Give its FORMULA
Is a measure of the STRENGTH OF THE INTERACTION b/t:
Reagents that come together to FORM the complex
Kf = [products] / [reactants]
Chromatography
- Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC)
- (HIC) relies on high concentrations of WHAT to enhance or strengthen hydroPHOBIC interactions?
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) relies on high SALT CONCENTRATIONS
to enhance or strengthen
hydroPHOBIC interactions
Therefore, decreasing the salt concentration weakens these interactions, causing the protein to elute from the column
