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social thinking Flashcards

1
Q

interpersonal attraction

A

what makes people like each other. influenced by multiple factors: physical attractiveness, similarities, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity

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2
Q

physical attractiveness increased with

A

symmetry and proportions close to the golden ratio

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3
Q

self-disclosure

A

sharing fears, thoughts, goals with another person and being met with empathy and nonjudgment

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4
Q

reciprocity

A

we like people we think like us

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5
Q

proximity

A

being physically close

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6
Q

aggression

A

physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

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7
Q

attachment

A

emotional bond to another person, and usually refers to the bond btwn child and caregiver. four types: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

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8
Q

secure attachment

A

requires consistent so child is able to go out and explore, knowing he or she has a secure base to return to; the child will show strong pref for caregiver

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9
Q

avoidant attachment

A

caregiver has little or no response to distressed, crying child; child shows no pref for caregiver compared to strangers

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10
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectful; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns

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11
Q

disorganized attachment

A

occurs when caregiver is erratic or abusive; child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behaviors

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12
Q

social support

A

perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

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13
Q

emotional support

A

listening to, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

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14
Q

esteem support

A

affirms qualities and skills of the person

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15
Q

material support

A

providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person

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16
Q

informational support

A

providing useful info to a person

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17
Q

network support

A

providing sense of belonging to a person

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18
Q

foraging

A

searching for and exploiting food resources

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19
Q

mating system

A

describes way in which group is organized in terms of sexual behavior

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20
Q

polygamy

A

one member of a sex has multiple exclusive relationships with members of the opposite sex

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21
Q

polyandry

A

female with multiple males

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22
Q

promiscuity

A

allows member of one sex to mate with any member of the opposite sex without exclusivity

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23
Q

intersexual choice

A

mate choice; selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

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24
Q

altruism

A

form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself

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25
inclusive fitness
measure of an organism's success in population based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to then support others
26
social perception or cognition
way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment. contains perceiver, his target, and the situation of social context of the scenario
27
implicit personality theory
people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and behavior are related
28
primacy effect
when 1st impressions are more important
29
recency effect
when most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressiosn
30
reliance on central traits
tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver
31
halo effect
when judgments of an individual's character can be affected by overall impression of the individual
32
just-world hypothesis
tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people
33
self-serving bias
fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors
34
attribution theory
focuses on tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior. dispoitional/internal. situational/external.
35
dispositional/internal
causes of other people's behavior are those that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered
36
situational/external
causes of other people's behavior are those that relate to features of surroundings or social context
37
correspondent inference theory
used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person
38
fundamental attribution error
bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others
39
attribute substitution
occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic
40
attributions are highly influenced by
one's culture
41
stereotypes
occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or group of individuals
42
self-fulfilling prophecy
stereotype leads to expectation, creating conditions which lead to confirmation of the stereotype
43
stereotype threat
concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group
44
prejudice
irrational + or - attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience
45
ethnocentrism
practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture
46
in-group
social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging
47
out-group
social group with which an individual does not identify
48
cultural relativism
recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms
49
discrimination
when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others
50
individual discrimination
one person discriminating against a particular person or group
51
institutional discrimination
discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution
52
what is interpersonal attraction, and what are three factors that influence this attraction?
what makes people like each other. influenced by five factors: physical attractiveness, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity
53
what is aggression?
behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase relative social dominance. can be physical, verbal, nonverbal.
54
what are four types of attachment? how does a child with each form of attachment act with regard to his or her caregiver?
secure: upset at departure of caregiver, comforted by return. trusts caregiver, who is viewed as secure base. avoidant: no pref for stranger or caregiver. little distress at departure and little relief by return of caregiver. ambivalent: distressed by departure of caregiver with mixed reaction at return. disorganized: no clear pattern of behavior. sometimes exhibits repetitive behaviors or seems dazed, frozen, or confused.
55
what is social support? list three of the common types of social support.
perception or reality that one is cared for by social network. five types discussed here: emotional support, esteem support, material support, informational support, and network support.
56
what is altruism?
form of helping behavior in which person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself
57
primacy effect
power of 1st impressions over later impressions of an individual
58
recency effect
weighing the most recent info of a person as most important
59
halo effect
when one applies general feelings about a person such as good or bad to specific characteristics of that person
60
just-world hypothesis
good things happen to good people, bad things to bad people
61
self-serving bias
tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors
62
what is attribution theory? what are two types of attribution?
tendency of individuals to infer the causes of other peoples behavior. two types: dispositional ie internal causes, which relate to features of the target. situational ie external causes, which relate to features of surroundings or context
63
what is fundamental attribution error?
general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions about behavior of others especially in negative contexts
64
what is attribute substitution?
occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead sub a simpler solution or heuristic
65
what are the distinctions between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?
stereotypes occur when attitudes an dimpressions are made based on limited and superficail info about a personor group and are COGNITIVE. prej is irrational neg or sometimes pos attitude twoard person group thing formed prior to actual experience and is AFFECTIVE. Discrimination when prejudicial attitudess acuse individuals of partcular group to be treated differently than others and is BEHAVIORAL
66
list three types of social inequality that can influence prejudice
power, prestige, and class all influence prejudice through unequal distribution of welath, influence, and resources
67
what is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?
practice of making judgements abotu other cultures based on values and beliefs of ones own culture. cult relativism refers to recognition taht social groups and cultures must be studied on their own terms in both cases, indivual pereies another group to which he or she does not belong; however, it is the reaction to that other group that detrmine which paradigm is being used

behavioral sciences (9 decks)

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