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behavioral sciences > social thinking > Flashcards

social thinking Flashcards

1
Q

interpersonal attraction

A

what makes people like each other. influenced by multiple factors: physical attractiveness, similarities, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity

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2
Q

physical attractiveness increased with

A

symmetry and proportions close to the golden ratio

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3
Q

self-disclosure

A

sharing fears, thoughts, goals with another person and being met with empathy and nonjudgment

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4
Q

reciprocity

A

we like people we think like us

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5
Q

proximity

A

being physically close

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6
Q

aggression

A

physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

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7
Q

attachment

A

emotional bond to another person, and usually refers to the bond btwn child and caregiver. four types: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

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8
Q

secure attachment

A

requires consistent so child is able to go out and explore, knowing he or she has a secure base to return to; the child will show strong pref for caregiver

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9
Q

avoidant attachment

A

caregiver has little or no response to distressed, crying child; child shows no pref for caregiver compared to strangers

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10
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectful; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns

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11
Q

disorganized attachment

A

occurs when caregiver is erratic or abusive; child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behaviors

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12
Q

social support

A

perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

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13
Q

emotional support

A

listening to, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

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14
Q

esteem support

A

affirms qualities and skills of the person

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15
Q

material support

A

providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person

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16
Q

informational support

A

providing useful info to a person

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17
Q

network support

A

providing sense of belonging to a person

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18
Q

foraging

A

searching for and exploiting food resources

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19
Q

mating system

A

describes way in which group is organized in terms of sexual behavior

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20
Q

polygamy

A

one member of a sex has multiple exclusive relationships with members of the opposite sex

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21
Q

polyandry

A

female with multiple males

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22
Q

promiscuity

A

allows member of one sex to mate with any member of the opposite sex without exclusivity

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23
Q

intersexual choice

A

mate choice; selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

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24
Q

altruism

A

form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself

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25
Q

inclusive fitness

A

measure of an organism’s success in population based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to then support others

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26
Q

social perception or cognition

A

way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment. contains perceiver, his target, and the situation of social context of the scenario

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27
Q

implicit personality theory

A

people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and behavior are related

28
Q

primacy effect

A

when 1st impressions are more important

29
Q

recency effect

A

when most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressiosn

30
Q

reliance on central traits

A

tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

31
Q

halo effect

A

when judgments of an individual’s character can be affected by overall impression of the individual

32
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people

33
Q

self-serving bias

A

fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors

34
Q

attribution theory

A

focuses on tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior. dispoitional/internal. situational/external.

35
Q

dispositional/internal

A

causes of other people’s behavior are those that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered

36
Q

situational/external

A

causes of other people’s behavior are those that relate to features of surroundings or social context

37
Q

correspondent inference theory

A

used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person

38
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others

39
Q

attribute substitution

A

occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic

40
Q

attributions are highly influenced by

A

one’s culture

41
Q

stereotypes

A

occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or group of individuals

42
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

stereotype leads to expectation, creating conditions which lead to confirmation of the stereotype

43
Q

stereotype threat

A

concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group

44
Q

prejudice

A

irrational + or - attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience

45
Q

ethnocentrism

A

practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

46
Q

in-group

A

social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging

47
Q

out-group

A

social group with which an individual does not identify

48
Q

cultural relativism

A

recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

49
Q

discrimination

A

when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

50
Q

individual discrimination

A

one person discriminating against a particular person or group

51
Q

institutional discrimination

A

discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

52
Q

what is interpersonal attraction, and what are three factors that influence this attraction?

A

what makes people like each other. influenced by five factors: physical attractiveness, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity

53
Q

what is aggression?

A

behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase relative social dominance. can be physical, verbal, nonverbal.

54
Q

what are four types of attachment? how does a child with each form of attachment act with regard to his or her caregiver?

A

secure: upset at departure of caregiver, comforted by return. trusts caregiver, who is viewed as secure base. avoidant: no pref for stranger or caregiver. little distress at departure and little relief by return of caregiver.
ambivalent: distressed by departure of caregiver with mixed reaction at return.
disorganized: no clear pattern of behavior. sometimes exhibits repetitive behaviors or seems dazed, frozen, or confused.

55
Q

what is social support? list three of the common types of social support.

A

perception or reality that one is cared for by social network. five types discussed here: emotional support, esteem support, material support, informational support, and network support.

56
Q

what is altruism?

A

form of helping behavior in which person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself

57
Q

primacy effect

A

power of 1st impressions over later impressions of an individual

58
Q

recency effect

A

weighing the most recent info of a person as most important

59
Q

halo effect

A

when one applies general feelings about a person such as good or bad to specific characteristics of that person

60
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

good things happen to good people, bad things to bad people

61
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors

62
Q

what is attribution theory? what are two types of attribution?

A

tendency of individuals to infer the causes of other peoples behavior. two types: dispositional ie internal causes, which relate to features of the target. situational ie external causes, which relate to features of surroundings or context

63
Q

what is fundamental attribution error?

A

general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions about behavior of others especially in negative contexts

64
Q

what is attribute substitution?

A

occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead sub a simpler solution or heuristic

65
Q

what are the distinctions between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

A

stereotypes occur when attitudes an dimpressions are made based on limited and superficail info about a personor group and are COGNITIVE. prej is irrational neg or sometimes pos attitude twoard person group thing formed prior to actual experience and is AFFECTIVE. Discrimination when prejudicial attitudess acuse individuals of partcular group to be treated differently than others and is BEHAVIORAL

66
Q

list three types of social inequality that can influence prejudice

A

power, prestige, and class all influence prejudice through unequal distribution of welath, influence, and resources

67
Q

what is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?

A

practice of making judgements abotu other cultures based on values and beliefs of ones own culture. cult relativism refers to recognition taht social groups and cultures must be studied on their own terms in both cases, indivual pereies another group to which he or she does not belong; however, it is the reaction to that other group that detrmine which paradigm is being used

behavioral sciences (9 decks)

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