deck_4940796-3 Flashcards
brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer
information processing model
SPcFsensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Focuses on manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions.Object permanence ends this stage.
sensorimotor stage
symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration
preoperational stage
understanding feelings of others and manipulating physical i.e. concrete objects
concrete operational stage
focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving
formal operational stage
pattern of approach for a given problem
mental set
tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized. may create barriers to problem-solving.
functional fixedness
deriving conclusions from general rules
deductive reasoning
deriving generalizations from evidence
inductive reasoning
shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions
heuristics
experimenter or decision-maker is unable to objectively evaluate information
biases
“gut feeling,” which can often be attributed to experience with similar situations
intuition
multiple intelligences
Gardener’s theory
I’m Bill V. interpersonalmusicalbodily-kinestheticintrapersonallinguisticlogical-mathematical visual-spatial
the 7 intelligences
alertness, sleep, dreaming, altered
states of consciousness
awake, able to think, perceive, process, and express information.
altertness
beta and alpha
waves which predominate on EEG during alertness
theta waves
EEG during stage 1 sleep
includes theta, sleep spindles, and K complexes
stage 2 sleep EEG
slow-wave SWS sleep
stage 3 and 4 sleep also called
delta
waves which predominate on EEG during stages 3 and 4 of sleep
consolidating declarative memories
dreaming in SWS focuses on
dreaming focus on consolidating procedural memories
REM dream focus
body is paralyzed, rapid eye movements; appears close ot awake on EEG
REM
90 minutes
sleep cycle duration
1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just 1-2-3-4-REM, with REM more frequent toward morning
sleep cycle
pineal gland
releases melatonin
sleepy
melatonin makes you
cortisol, promoting wakefulness
hormone which increases in the morning
stages 3&4 NREM
most sleep disorders occur during
REM
most dreaming occurs during
insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation
examples of dyssomnia
night terrors, sleepwalking (somnambulism)
examples of parasomnias
appear in control of normal faculties, but in highly suggestible state
hypnosis
DOSH: depressants, opiates/opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens. And weed.
consciousness-altering drugs
promote or mimic GABA activity in brain
what depressants do
alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
examples of depressants
increase dopamine, norepi, and serotonin conc at synaptic cleft
what stimulants do
amphetamines, cocaine, ectasy
examples of stimulants
death by respiratory depression
risk of opiates/opoids
heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone, hydrocodone
examples of opiates
LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, mushrooms with psilocybin
examples of hallucinogens
tetrahydrocannabinol
active ingredient of weed
a depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen
weed is
mesolimbic pathway
drug addiction is mediated by the
nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area
mesolimbic pathway
dopamine
main NT of mesolimbic pathway
pay attention to one thing, still keep eye out for anything else
selective attention
automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
divided attention
phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics
language consists of
actual sound of speech
phonology
building blocks of words such as -s and -ed in English
morphology
meaning of words
semantics
rules dictating word order
syntax
change in language delivery depending on context
pragmatics
nativist/biological, learning/behaviorist, social interactionist
theories of language
Chompsky: LAD, language acquisition device, critical period
nativist/biological theory
operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents/caregivers
learning/behaviorist theory
language acquisition by motivation to communicate with others
social interactionist theory
lens for view and interpret world created by language
Whorfian/linguistic relativity hypothesis
dominant
speech areas found in the ______ hemisphere
left
dominant hemisphere usually the ____
Broca’s area
motor function of speech controlled by
generating each word requires effort
Broca’s aphasia
cant talk, but speech won’t make sense. lack of comprehension, written or spoken.
Wernicke’s aphasia
connects Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area
arcuate fasciculus
communication disorder from damage to language-containing part of brain
aphasia
damage to arcuate fasciculus
conduction aphasia results from
inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension
conduction aphasia marked by
process of classifying new information into existing schemata
assimilation
existing schemata modified to encompass new information
accommodation
repetition of body movement that initially occurred by chance
primary circular reactions
manipulation is focused on something outside the body, like throwing toys from high chair over and over
secondary circular reactions
ability to pretend, play make-believe, have imagination
symbolic thinking
inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
egocentrism
tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to understand conservation
centration
representational thought
object permanence marks the beginning of
child’s internalization of his or her culture drives cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky
problem-solving skills, peaks early adulthood
fluid intelligence
use of learned skills and knowledge, peaks middle adulthood
crystallized intelligence
memory impairment/changes in mental status/loss of motor skills. thiamine, i.e. vitamin B1 deficiency
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
9-12 m/o babbling, 12-18 m/o 1 word p/m, 18-20 m/o language explosion/combining words, 2-3 y/o longer sentences of 3 words or more, 5 y/o language rules largely mastered
language acquisition timeline
Broca’s aphasia AKA
expressive aphasia AKA
Wernicke’s aphasia AKA
receptive aphasia AKA
