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behavioral sciences > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

biomedical approach

A

takes into account only physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder

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2
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

considers relative contributions of bio, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder. Tx’s also fall into these three areas

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3
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

used to diagnose psychological disorders. current version is DSM-5, May 2013. categorizes mental disorders based on sx patterns.

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4
Q

are psychological disorders such as anxiety, depressive, and substance use common?

A

yes

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5
Q

schizophrenia

A

prototypical disorder with psychosis as feature. + and - sxs.

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6
Q

+ sxs of schizophrenia

A

add something to behavior, cognition, or affect. include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior.

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7
Q
  • sxs of schizophrenia
A

loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect. include disturbance of affect and avolition (apathy)

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8
Q

depressive disorders

A

include major depressive disorder and SAD

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9
Q

major depressive disorder

A

contains at least one major depressive episode

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10
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

dystheymia (persistent depression) for at least 2 years that does not meet criteria for major depressive disorder

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11
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset. depression occurs during winter months.

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12
Q

bipolar and related disorders

A

manic or hypomanic episodes

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13
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

at least one manic episode

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14
Q

bipolar II disorder

A

at least one hypomanic (less severe mania) episode and at least one major depressive episode

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15
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

contains hypomanic episodes wtih dysthymia

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16
Q

anxiety disorders

A

include generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder

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17
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months

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18
Q

specific phobias

A

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

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19
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety due to social or performance situations

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20
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

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21
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrent panic attacks: intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus. may lead to agoraphobia.

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22
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause sig impairment in life)

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23
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

unrealistic neg eval of one’s appearance or spec body part. individual often takes extreme measures to correct perceived imperfection

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24
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder

A

intrusion sxs: reliving even, flashbacks, nightmares. avoidance sxs: avoidance of people, places, objects assoc with trauma. - cog sxs: amnesia, negative mood and emotions. arousal sxs: increased startle response, irritability, anxiety.

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25
Q

dissociative disorders

A

dissocaite amnesia, dissociate identiy disorder, depersonalization/derealization disorder

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26
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall past experience without an underlying neurological disorder. severe forms may involve dissociative fugue: sudden change in location that may involve assumption of new identity.

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27
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a person’s behavior

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28
Q

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

feelings of detachment from the mind and body, or from the environment

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29
Q

somatic sx and related disorders involve

A

significant bodily sxs

30
Q

somatic sx disorder

A

involves at least one somatic sx, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern

31
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with, a serious medical condition

32
Q

conversion disorder

A

involves unexplained sxs affecting motor or sensory function and is assoc with prior trauma

33
Q

personality disorders ie PD

A

inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least 2 of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. three clusters.

34
Q

three clusters of PD

A

A: odd, eccentric, “weird.” B: dramatic, emotional, erratic, “wild”, C: anxious, fearful, “worried”

35
Q

cluster A includes

A

paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

36
Q

cluster B includes

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

37
Q

cluster C includes

A

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive

38
Q

paranoid PD

A

pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

39
Q

schizotypical PD

A

ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity

40
Q

schizoid PD

A

detachment from social relationships and limited emotion

41
Q

antisocial PD

A

disregard for the rights of others

42
Q

borderline PD

A

instability in relationships, mood, and self-image. splitting and recurrent suicide attempts are characteristic.

43
Q

histrionic PD

A

constant attention-seeking behavior

44
Q

narcissistic PD

A

grandiose sense of self-importance and need for admiration

45
Q

avoidant PD

A

involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection

46
Q

dependent PD

A

involves a continuous need for reassurance

47
Q

obsessive-compulsive PD

A

perfectionism, inflexibility, preoccupation with rules

48
Q

biological basis of NS disorders: schizophrenia

A

may be assoc with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family hx. high levels of dopaminergic tsmission.

49
Q

biological basis of NS disorders: depression

A

high levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepi, serotonin, dopamine

50
Q

biological basis of NS disorders: bipolar disorders

A

accompanied by high levels of norepi and serotonin. highly heritable.

51
Q

biological basis of NS disorders: alzheimer’s

A

assoc w genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plagques of beta-amyloid, and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

52
Q

biological basis of NS disorders: parkinson’s

A

assoc with bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait. decreased production of dopamine by cells in substantia nigra.

53
Q

what is the difference between the biomedical and biopsychosocial models of psychological disorders?

A

biomedical: considers only physical, pathological mechanisms that underlie mental illness. biopsychosocial: contributions of these biological factors along with psychological - thoughts, emotions, or behaviors - and social situation (environment, social class, discrimination, or stigmiatization)

54
Q

name three psychological disorders with greater than 2% one-year prevalence in the US, that is affecting more than 1 in 50 people per year

A

the following disorders occur in greater than 2 percent of the US population per year: specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bipolar disorder

55
Q

what are the major positive sxs of shizophrenia?

A

delusions, hallucinations (usually auditory), disorganized thought, disorganized behavior.

56
Q

what are the major negative sxs of shizophrenia?

A

disturbance of affect and avolition

57
Q

what are the features of a major depressive episode?

A

2-week duration of at least 5 of the following sxs: depressed mood, loss of interest ie anhedonia, sleep disturbance, feelings of guilt, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, changes in app, psychomotor sxs, adn suicidal thoughts. at least 1 of the sxs must be depressed mood or anhedonia.

58
Q

what are the major features of a manic episode?

A

1-week duration of at least 3 of the following sxs: elevated or expansive mood, distractibility, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, flight of ideas or racing thoughts, agitation, pressured speech, and engagement in risky behavior

59
Q

with regard to depressive episodes, manic episodes, and other mood disturbances: major depressive disorder

A

at least one major depressive episode with no manic episodes.

60
Q

with regard to depressive episodes, manic episodes, and other mood disturbances: bipolar I disorder

A

at least 1 manic episode with or without depressive episodes.

61
Q

with regard to depressive episodes, manic episodes, and other mood disturbances: bipolar II disorder

A

at least one hypomanic epi with at least one major depressive episode.

62
Q

with regard to depressive episodes, manic episodes, and other mood disturbances: cyclothymic disorder

A

has hypomanic episodes and dysthymia that is not severe enough to be a major depressive episode

63
Q

what are obsessions?

A

persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses that produce tension

64
Q

what are compulsions?

A

repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause sig impairment in a person’s life

65
Q

how are compulsions and obsessions related in OCD?

A

obsessions produce tension while compulsions relieve tension

66
Q

features and personality disorders of cluster A

A

features: odd or eccentric. personality disorders: paranoid, schizotypical, schizoid

67
Q

features and personality disorders of cluster B

A

features: dramatic, emotional, or erratic. personality disorders: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

68
Q

features and personality disorders of cluster C

A

features: anxious or fearful. personality disorders: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

69
Q

which hormones and NT conc are elevated in depression?

A

cortisol

70
Q

which hormones are NT conc are reduced in depression?

A

norepi, serotonin, dopamine

71
Q

provide example of genetic factor that appears to increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease

A

mutations in presenilin genes /xsomes 1 and 14/ and beta-amyloid precursor gene /xsome 21/

72
Q

how are dopamine levels related to schizophrenia and Parkinson’s?

A

dopamine in schizophrenia are elevated, but reduced in parkinson’s. tx for one might cause similar sxs of the other.

behavioral sciences (9 decks)

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