Psychological Disorders Flashcards
biomedical approach
takes into account only physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder
biopsychosocial approach
considers relative contributions of bio, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder. Tx’s also fall into these three areas
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
used to diagnose psychological disorders. current version is DSM-5, May 2013. categorizes mental disorders based on sx patterns.
are psychological disorders such as anxiety, depressive, and substance use common?
yes
schizophrenia
prototypical disorder with psychosis as feature. + and - sxs.
+ sxs of schizophrenia
add something to behavior, cognition, or affect. include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior.
- sxs of schizophrenia
loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect. include disturbance of affect and avolition (apathy)
depressive disorders
include major depressive disorder and SAD
major depressive disorder
contains at least one major depressive episode
persistent depressive disorder
dystheymia (persistent depression) for at least 2 years that does not meet criteria for major depressive disorder
seasonal affective disorder
colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset. depression occurs during winter months.
bipolar and related disorders
manic or hypomanic episodes
bipolar I disorder
at least one manic episode
bipolar II disorder
at least one hypomanic (less severe mania) episode and at least one major depressive episode
cyclothymic disorder
contains hypomanic episodes wtih dysthymia
anxiety disorders
include generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months
specific phobias
irrational fears of specific objects or situations
social anxiety disorder
anxiety due to social or performance situations
agoraphobia
fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
panic disorder
recurrent panic attacks: intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus. may lead to agoraphobia.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause sig impairment in life)
body dysmorphic disorder
unrealistic neg eval of one’s appearance or spec body part. individual often takes extreme measures to correct perceived imperfection
posttraumatic stress disorder
intrusion sxs: reliving even, flashbacks, nightmares. avoidance sxs: avoidance of people, places, objects assoc with trauma. - cog sxs: amnesia, negative mood and emotions. arousal sxs: increased startle response, irritability, anxiety.
dissociative disorders
dissocaite amnesia, dissociate identiy disorder, depersonalization/derealization disorder
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall past experience without an underlying neurological disorder. severe forms may involve dissociative fugue: sudden change in location that may involve assumption of new identity.
dissociative identity disorder
occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a person’s behavior
depersonalization/derealization disorder
feelings of detachment from the mind and body, or from the environment
somatic sx and related disorders involve
significant bodily sxs
somatic sx disorder
involves at least one somatic sx, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern
illness anxiety disorder
preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with, a serious medical condition
conversion disorder
involves unexplained sxs affecting motor or sensory function and is assoc with prior trauma
personality disorders ie PD
inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least 2 of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. three clusters.
three clusters of PD
A: odd, eccentric, “weird.” B: dramatic, emotional, erratic, “wild”, C: anxious, fearful, “worried”
cluster A includes
paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid
cluster B includes
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
cluster C includes
avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
paranoid PD
pervasive distrust and suspicion of others
schizotypical PD
ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity
schizoid PD
detachment from social relationships and limited emotion
antisocial PD
disregard for the rights of others
borderline PD
instability in relationships, mood, and self-image. splitting and recurrent suicide attempts are characteristic.
histrionic PD
constant attention-seeking behavior
narcissistic PD
grandiose sense of self-importance and need for admiration
avoidant PD
involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection
dependent PD
involves a continuous need for reassurance
obsessive-compulsive PD
perfectionism, inflexibility, preoccupation with rules
biological basis of NS disorders: schizophrenia
may be assoc with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family hx. high levels of dopaminergic tsmission.
biological basis of NS disorders: depression
high levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepi, serotonin, dopamine
biological basis of NS disorders: bipolar disorders
accompanied by high levels of norepi and serotonin. highly heritable.
biological basis of NS disorders: alzheimer’s
assoc w genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plagques of beta-amyloid, and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
biological basis of NS disorders: parkinson’s
assoc with bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait. decreased production of dopamine by cells in substantia nigra.
what is the difference between the biomedical and biopsychosocial models of psychological disorders?
biomedical: considers only physical, pathological mechanisms that underlie mental illness. biopsychosocial: contributions of these biological factors along with psychological - thoughts, emotions, or behaviors - and social situation (environment, social class, discrimination, or stigmiatization)
name three psychological disorders with greater than 2% one-year prevalence in the US, that is affecting more than 1 in 50 people per year
the following disorders occur in greater than 2 percent of the US population per year: specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bipolar disorder
what are the major positive sxs of shizophrenia?
delusions, hallucinations (usually auditory), disorganized thought, disorganized behavior.
what are the major negative sxs of shizophrenia?
disturbance of affect and avolition
what are the features of a major depressive episode?
2-week duration of at least 5 of the following sxs: depressed mood, loss of interest ie anhedonia, sleep disturbance, feelings of guilt, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, changes in app, psychomotor sxs, adn suicidal thoughts. at least 1 of the sxs must be depressed mood or anhedonia.
what are the major features of a manic episode?
1-week duration of at least 3 of the following sxs: elevated or expansive mood, distractibility, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, flight of ideas or racing thoughts, agitation, pressured speech, and engagement in risky behavior
with regard to depressive episodes, manic episodes, and other mood disturbances: major depressive disorder
at least one major depressive episode with no manic episodes.
with regard to depressive episodes, manic episodes, and other mood disturbances: bipolar I disorder
at least 1 manic episode with or without depressive episodes.
with regard to depressive episodes, manic episodes, and other mood disturbances: bipolar II disorder
at least one hypomanic epi with at least one major depressive episode.
with regard to depressive episodes, manic episodes, and other mood disturbances: cyclothymic disorder
has hypomanic episodes and dysthymia that is not severe enough to be a major depressive episode
what are obsessions?
persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses that produce tension
what are compulsions?
repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause sig impairment in a person’s life
how are compulsions and obsessions related in OCD?
obsessions produce tension while compulsions relieve tension
features and personality disorders of cluster A
features: odd or eccentric. personality disorders: paranoid, schizotypical, schizoid
features and personality disorders of cluster B
features: dramatic, emotional, or erratic. personality disorders: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
features and personality disorders of cluster C
features: anxious or fearful. personality disorders: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
which hormones and NT conc are elevated in depression?
cortisol
which hormones are NT conc are reduced in depression?
norepi, serotonin, dopamine
provide example of genetic factor that appears to increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease
mutations in presenilin genes /xsomes 1 and 14/ and beta-amyloid precursor gene /xsome 21/
how are dopamine levels related to schizophrenia and Parkinson’s?
dopamine in schizophrenia are elevated, but reduced in parkinson’s. tx for one might cause similar sxs of the other.
