identity and personality Flashcards
self-concept
sum of ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, who we might be in the future
identities
individual components of our self-concept related to groups to which we belong. examples include religious affiliation, sexual orientation, ethnic and national affiliations
ideal self
who we want to be
ought self
who others want us to be
high self esteem when
ideal self is close to ought self
self-efficacy
degree to which we see ourselves as capable. in consistently hopeless scenario, can be diminished to the point of learned helplessness.
locus of control
self-eval that refers to way we characterize influences in our lives. internal locus see their successes and failures as result of their own characteristics and actions, external locus perceive outside factors as having more of an influence
freuds psychosexual stages of personality development based on tensions caused by
libido
failure at any stage of psychosexual development according to freud leads to
fixation, causing personality disorder
freud’s phases
oral, anal, phalic ie Oedipal, latent, genital
erikson’s stages of psychosocial development stem from
conflicts that occur throughout life. conflicts are result of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phase of our lives
eriksons’ stages are
- trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 3. industry vs inferiority 4. identity vs role confusion 5. intimacy vs isolation 6. generativity vs stagnation 7. integrity vs despair
kohlberg’s main stages
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
vygotsky
zone of proximal development: skills a child has not yet mastered and require more knowledgeable other to accomplish
role-taking
learn to see perspective of others and practice taking on new roles
reference group
group to which we compare ourselves.
physchoanalytic perspective views personality as resulting from
unconscious urges and desires
id
base urges of survival and reproduction
superego
idealist and perfectionist
ego
mediator between superego and id, and conscious mind. makes use of defense mechanisms to reduce stress caused by urges of id and superego
jung
collective unconscious links all humans together. personalty is influenced by archetypes
adler and horney
unconscious is motivated by social rather than sexual urges
humanistic perspective
emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization
flow from humanistic perspective
Maslow’s hierachy of needs and Rogers’s therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard
type and trait theorists believe
personality can be described as number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors
type theories of personality include
greek humors, sheldon’s somatotypes, Type A and B, myers-briggs type inventory
Eysencks
identified 3 major traits which could be used to describe all individuals. PEN: psychoticism (noncomformity), extraversion (tolerance for social interaction and stimulation), and neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations). expanded by later trait theorists to big 5
Big 5
opennesss, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableess, neuroticism
Allport
three basic types of traits: cardinal, central, secondary
cardinal traits
around which person organizes his or her life. not everyone has one
central traits
major characteristics of the personality
secondary traits
more personal, limited in occurrence
social cognitive perspective
individuals interact with their environment in cycle called reciprocal determinism. people mold environments according to their personalities. those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
behaviorist perspective
based on concept of operant conditioning, holds that personality can be described as behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishments
biological theorists claim of behavior
it can be explained as result of genetic expression
what is the difference between self-concept and identity?
self-concept: sum of all phrases that come to mind when we think of who we are, used to be, and may become. identity: describes set of behaviors and labels we take on when in specific group.
list three factors that contribute to person’s ethnic identity. how are these factors different from those that determine national identity?
ethnic ID determined by common ancestry, cultural heritage, language, other similarities. rather than determined by birth, national ID determined by political borders of where one lives, and cultural ID of that nation
failed history test. internal/external locus of control.
internal says i didnt study enough. external says bad luck.
evaluates individual and determines person has failed in completing one of the theorist’s developmental stages: freud, erikson, kohlberg
freud: fixated in that stage, will display the personality traits of that fixation for rest of life. erikson: will still move through subsequent phases, but will be lacking the skills and virtues granted by successful resolution of that stage. Kohlberg: individual was incapable of reasoning at the level of failure, and individual would use reasoning described in previous stages to resolve moral dilemmas
name and briefly describe three major phases of kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
preconventional: reasoning is based on individual rewards and punishments. conventional: reasoning is based on relationship of individual to society. postconventional: reasoning is based on abstract principles.
how psychoanalytic perspective would define personality
result of unconscious urges and desires
how humanistic perspective would define personality
comes from conscious feelings about oneself resulting from healthy striving for self-realization
how type perspective would define personality
personalities are sets of distinct qualities and dispositions into which people can be grouped
how trait perspective would define personality
personalities are assembled from having different degrees of certain qualities and dispositions
how behaviorist perspective would define personality
personality is result of behavioral responses to sitmuli based on pior rewards and punishments
how social cognitive perspective would define personality
personality comes from interactions between an individual and his environment
how biological perspective would define personality
based on genetic influences and brain anatomy
role of id according to psychoanalytic perspective
sum of our basic urges to reproduce and survive
role of superego according to psychoanalytic perspective
sense of perfectionism and idealism
role of ego according to psychoanalytic perspective
mediates anxieties caused by actions of id and superego by using defense mechanisms
Eysenck PEN, P
psychoticism: noncomformity or social deviance
Eysenck PEN, E
extravasion: tolerance for social interaction and stimulatoin
Eysenck PEN, N
neuroticism: emotional arousal in stressful situations
what are the big 5 personality traits?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
