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behavioral sciences > identity and personality > Flashcards

identity and personality Flashcards

1
Q

self-concept

A

sum of ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, who we might be in the future

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2
Q

identities

A

individual components of our self-concept related to groups to which we belong. examples include religious affiliation, sexual orientation, ethnic and national affiliations

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3
Q

ideal self

A

who we want to be

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4
Q

ought self

A

who others want us to be

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5
Q

high self esteem when

A

ideal self is close to ought self

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6
Q

self-efficacy

A

degree to which we see ourselves as capable. in consistently hopeless scenario, can be diminished to the point of learned helplessness.

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7
Q

locus of control

A

self-eval that refers to way we characterize influences in our lives. internal locus see their successes and failures as result of their own characteristics and actions, external locus perceive outside factors as having more of an influence

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8
Q

freuds psychosexual stages of personality development based on tensions caused by

A

libido

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9
Q

failure at any stage of psychosexual development according to freud leads to

A

fixation, causing personality disorder

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10
Q

freud’s phases

A

oral, anal, phalic ie Oedipal, latent, genital

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11
Q

erikson’s stages of psychosocial development stem from

A

conflicts that occur throughout life. conflicts are result of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phase of our lives

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12
Q

eriksons’ stages are

A
  1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 3. industry vs inferiority 4. identity vs role confusion 5. intimacy vs isolation 6. generativity vs stagnation 7. integrity vs despair
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13
Q

kohlberg’s main stages

A

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

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14
Q

vygotsky

A

zone of proximal development: skills a child has not yet mastered and require more knowledgeable other to accomplish

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15
Q

role-taking

A

learn to see perspective of others and practice taking on new roles

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16
Q

reference group

A

group to which we compare ourselves.

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17
Q

physchoanalytic perspective views personality as resulting from

A

unconscious urges and desires

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18
Q

id

A

base urges of survival and reproduction

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19
Q

superego

A

idealist and perfectionist

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20
Q

ego

A

mediator between superego and id, and conscious mind. makes use of defense mechanisms to reduce stress caused by urges of id and superego

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21
Q

jung

A

collective unconscious links all humans together. personalty is influenced by archetypes

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22
Q

adler and horney

A

unconscious is motivated by social rather than sexual urges

23
Q

humanistic perspective

A

emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization

24
Q

flow from humanistic perspective

A

Maslow’s hierachy of needs and Rogers’s therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard

25
Q

type and trait theorists believe

A

personality can be described as number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

26
Q

type theories of personality include

A

greek humors, sheldon’s somatotypes, Type A and B, myers-briggs type inventory

27
Q

Eysencks

A

identified 3 major traits which could be used to describe all individuals. PEN: psychoticism (noncomformity), extraversion (tolerance for social interaction and stimulation), and neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations). expanded by later trait theorists to big 5

28
Q

Big 5

A

opennesss, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableess, neuroticism

29
Q

Allport

A

three basic types of traits: cardinal, central, secondary

30
Q

cardinal traits

A

around which person organizes his or her life. not everyone has one

31
Q

central traits

A

major characteristics of the personality

32
Q

secondary traits

A

more personal, limited in occurrence

33
Q

social cognitive perspective

A

individuals interact with their environment in cycle called reciprocal determinism. people mold environments according to their personalities. those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

34
Q

behaviorist perspective

A

based on concept of operant conditioning, holds that personality can be described as behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishments

35
Q

biological theorists claim of behavior

A

it can be explained as result of genetic expression

36
Q

what is the difference between self-concept and identity?

A

self-concept: sum of all phrases that come to mind when we think of who we are, used to be, and may become. identity: describes set of behaviors and labels we take on when in specific group.

37
Q

list three factors that contribute to person’s ethnic identity. how are these factors different from those that determine national identity?

A

ethnic ID determined by common ancestry, cultural heritage, language, other similarities. rather than determined by birth, national ID determined by political borders of where one lives, and cultural ID of that nation

38
Q

failed history test. internal/external locus of control.

A

internal says i didnt study enough. external says bad luck.

39
Q

evaluates individual and determines person has failed in completing one of the theorist’s developmental stages: freud, erikson, kohlberg

A

freud: fixated in that stage, will display the personality traits of that fixation for rest of life. erikson: will still move through subsequent phases, but will be lacking the skills and virtues granted by successful resolution of that stage. Kohlberg: individual was incapable of reasoning at the level of failure, and individual would use reasoning described in previous stages to resolve moral dilemmas

40
Q

name and briefly describe three major phases of kohlberg’s theory of moral development.

A

preconventional: reasoning is based on individual rewards and punishments. conventional: reasoning is based on relationship of individual to society. postconventional: reasoning is based on abstract principles.

41
Q

how psychoanalytic perspective would define personality

A

result of unconscious urges and desires

42
Q

how humanistic perspective would define personality

A

comes from conscious feelings about oneself resulting from healthy striving for self-realization

43
Q

how type perspective would define personality

A

personalities are sets of distinct qualities and dispositions into which people can be grouped

44
Q

how trait perspective would define personality

A

personalities are assembled from having different degrees of certain qualities and dispositions

45
Q

how behaviorist perspective would define personality

A

personality is result of behavioral responses to sitmuli based on pior rewards and punishments

46
Q

how social cognitive perspective would define personality

A

personality comes from interactions between an individual and his environment

47
Q

how biological perspective would define personality

A

based on genetic influences and brain anatomy

48
Q

role of id according to psychoanalytic perspective

A

sum of our basic urges to reproduce and survive

49
Q

role of superego according to psychoanalytic perspective

A

sense of perfectionism and idealism

50
Q

role of ego according to psychoanalytic perspective

A

mediates anxieties caused by actions of id and superego by using defense mechanisms

51
Q

Eysenck PEN, P

A

psychoticism: noncomformity or social deviance

52
Q

Eysenck PEN, E

A

extravasion: tolerance for social interaction and stimulatoin

53
Q

Eysenck PEN, N

A

neuroticism: emotional arousal in stressful situations

54
Q

what are the big 5 personality traits?

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

behavioral sciences (9 decks)

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