cognition, consciousness, and language Flashcards
information processing model
brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer
piaget’s stages of cognitive development
SP(C)F
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor stage
Focuses on manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions.
Object permanence ends this stage.
preoperational stage
symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration
concrete operational stage
understanding feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects
formal operational stage
focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving
mental set
pattern of approach for a given problem
functional fixedness
tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized. may create barriers to problem-solving.
deductive reasoning
deriving conclusions from general rules
inductive reasoning
deriving generalizations from evidence
heuristics
shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions
biases
experimenter or decision-maker is unable to objectively evaluate information
intuition
“gut feeling,” which can often be attributed to experience with similar situations
Gardener’s theory
multiple intelligences
the 7 intelligences
I'm Bill V.. interpersonal musical bodily-kinesthetic intrapersonal linguistic logical-mathematical visual-spatial
states of consciousness
alertness, sleep, dreaming, altered
altertness
awake, able to think, perceive, process, and express information.
waves which predominate on EEG during alertness
beta and alpha
EEG during stage 1 sleep
theta waves
stage 2 sleep EEG
includes theta, sleep spindles, and K complexes
stage 3 and 4 sleep also called
slow-wave (SWS) sleep
waves which predominate on EEG during stages 3 and 4 of sleep
delta
dreaming in SWS focuses on
consolidating declarative memories
REM dream focus
dreaming focus on consolidating procedural memories
REM
body is paralyzed, rapid eye movements; appears close ot awake on EEG
sleep cycle duration
90 minutes
sleep cycle
1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just 1-2-3-4-REM, with REM more frequent toward morning
releases melatonin
pineal gland
melatonin makes you
sleepy
hormone which increases in the morning
cortisol, promoting wakefulness
most sleep disorders occur during
stages 3&4 NREM
most dreaming occurs during
REM
examples of dyssomnia
insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation
examples of parasomnias
night terrors, sleepwalking (somnambulism)
hypnosis
appear in control of normal faculties, but in highly suggestible state
consciousness-altering drugs
DOSH: depressants, opiates/opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens. And weed.
what depressants do
promote or mimic GABA activity in brain
examples of depressants
alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
what stimulants do
increase dopamine, norepi, and serotonin conc at synaptic cleft
examples of stimulants
amphetamines, cocaine, ectasy
risk of opiates/opoids
death by respiratory depression
examples of opiates
heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone, hydrocodone
examples of hallucinogens
LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, mushrooms with psilocybin
active ingredient of weed
tetrahydrocannabinol
weed is
a depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen
drug addiction is mediated by the
mesolimbic pathway
mesolimbic pathway
nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area
main NT of mesolimbic pathway
dopamine
selective attention
pay attention to one thing, still keep eye out for anything else
divided attention
automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
language consists of
phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics
phonology
actual sound of speech
morphology
building blocks of words such as -s and -ed in English
semantics
meaning of words
syntax
rules dictating word order
pragmatics
change in language delivery depending on context
theories of language
nativist/biological, learning/behaviorist, social interactionist
nativist/biological theory
Chompsky: LAD, language acquisition device, critical period
learning/behaviorist theory
operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents/caregivers
social interactionist theory
language acquisition by motivation to communicate with others
Whorfian/linguistic relativity hypothesis
lens for view and interpret world created by language
speech areas found in the ______ hemisphere
dominant
dominant hemisphere usually the ____
left
motor function of speech controlled by
Broca’s area
Broca’s aphasia
generating each word requires effort
Wernicke’s aphasia
cant talk, but speech won’t make sense. lack of comprehension, written or spoken.
arcuate fasciculus
connects Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area
aphasia
communication disorder from damage to language-containing part of brain
conduction aphasia results from
damage to arcuate fasciculus
conduction aphasia marked by
inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension
assimilation
process of classifying new information into existing schemata
accommodation
existing schemata modified to encompass new information
primary circular reactions
repetition of body movement that initially occurred by chance
secondary circular reactions
manipulation is focused on something outside the body, like throwing toys from high chair over and over
symbolic thinking
ability to pretend, play make-believe, have imagination
egocentrism
inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
centration
tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to understand conservation
object permanence marks the beginning of
representational thought
Lev Vygotsky
child’s internalization of his or her culture drives cognitive development
fluid intelligence
problem-solving skills, peaks early adulthood
crystallized intelligence
use of learned skills and knowledge, peaks middle adulthood
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
memory impairment/changes in mental status/loss of motor skills. thiamine, i.e. vitamin B1 deficiency
language acquisition timeline
9-12 m/o babbling, 12-18 m/o 1 word p/m, 18-20 m/o language explosion/combining words, 2-3 y/o longer sentences of 3 words or more, 5 y/o language rules largely mastered
expressive aphasia AKA
Broca’s aphasia AKA
receptive aphasia AKA
Wernicke’s aphasia AKA
