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behavioral sciences > cognition, consciousness, and language > Flashcards

cognition, consciousness, and language Flashcards

1
Q

information processing model

A

brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer

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2
Q

piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

SP(C)F

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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3
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

Focuses on manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions.
Object permanence ends this stage.

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4
Q

preoperational stage

A

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration

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5
Q

concrete operational stage

A

understanding feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects

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6
Q

formal operational stage

A

focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving

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7
Q

mental set

A

pattern of approach for a given problem

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8
Q

functional fixedness

A

tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized. may create barriers to problem-solving.

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9
Q

deductive reasoning

A

deriving conclusions from general rules

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10
Q

inductive reasoning

A

deriving generalizations from evidence

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11
Q

heuristics

A

shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

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12
Q

biases

A

experimenter or decision-maker is unable to objectively evaluate information

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13
Q

intuition

A

“gut feeling,” which can often be attributed to experience with similar situations

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14
Q

Gardener’s theory

A

multiple intelligences

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15
Q

the 7 intelligences

A 
I'm Bill V.. 
interpersonal
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
intrapersonal
linguistic
logical-mathematical 
visual-spatial
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16
Q

states of consciousness

A

alertness, sleep, dreaming, altered

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17
Q

altertness

A

awake, able to think, perceive, process, and express information.

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18
Q

waves which predominate on EEG during alertness

A

beta and alpha

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19
Q

EEG during stage 1 sleep

A

theta waves

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20
Q

stage 2 sleep EEG

A

includes theta, sleep spindles, and K complexes

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21
Q

stage 3 and 4 sleep also called

A

slow-wave (SWS) sleep

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22
Q

waves which predominate on EEG during stages 3 and 4 of sleep

A

delta

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23
Q

dreaming in SWS focuses on

A

consolidating declarative memories

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24
Q

REM dream focus

A

dreaming focus on consolidating procedural memories

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25
Q

REM

A

body is paralyzed, rapid eye movements; appears close ot awake on EEG

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26
Q

sleep cycle duration

A

90 minutes

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27
Q

sleep cycle

A

1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just 1-2-3-4-REM, with REM more frequent toward morning

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28
Q

releases melatonin

A

pineal gland

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29
Q

melatonin makes you

A

sleepy

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30
Q

hormone which increases in the morning

A

cortisol, promoting wakefulness

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31
Q

most sleep disorders occur during

A

stages 3&4 NREM

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32
Q

most dreaming occurs during

A

REM

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33
Q

examples of dyssomnia

A

insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation

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34
Q

examples of parasomnias

A

night terrors, sleepwalking (somnambulism)

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35
Q

hypnosis

A

appear in control of normal faculties, but in highly suggestible state

36
Q

consciousness-altering drugs

A

DOSH: depressants, opiates/opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens. And weed.

37
Q

what depressants do

A

promote or mimic GABA activity in brain

38
Q

examples of depressants

A

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

39
Q

what stimulants do

A

increase dopamine, norepi, and serotonin conc at synaptic cleft

40
Q

examples of stimulants

A

amphetamines, cocaine, ectasy

41
Q

risk of opiates/opoids

A

death by respiratory depression

42
Q

examples of opiates

A

heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone, hydrocodone

43
Q

examples of hallucinogens

A

LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, mushrooms with psilocybin

44
Q

active ingredient of weed

A

tetrahydrocannabinol

45
Q

weed is

A

a depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen

46
Q

drug addiction is mediated by the

A

mesolimbic pathway

47
Q

mesolimbic pathway

A

nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area

48
Q

main NT of mesolimbic pathway

A

dopamine

49
Q

selective attention

A

pay attention to one thing, still keep eye out for anything else

50
Q

divided attention

A

automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time

51
Q

language consists of

A

phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics

52
Q

phonology

A

actual sound of speech

53
Q

morphology

A

building blocks of words such as -s and -ed in English

54
Q

semantics

A

meaning of words

55
Q

syntax

A

rules dictating word order

56
Q

pragmatics

A

change in language delivery depending on context

57
Q

theories of language

A

nativist/biological, learning/behaviorist, social interactionist

58
Q

nativist/biological theory

A

Chompsky: LAD, language acquisition device, critical period

59
Q

learning/behaviorist theory

A

operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents/caregivers

60
Q

social interactionist theory

A

language acquisition by motivation to communicate with others

61
Q

Whorfian/linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

lens for view and interpret world created by language

62
Q

speech areas found in the ______ hemisphere

A

dominant

63
Q

dominant hemisphere usually the ____

A

left

64
Q

motor function of speech controlled by

A

Broca’s area

65
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

generating each word requires effort

66
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

cant talk, but speech won’t make sense. lack of comprehension, written or spoken.

67
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

connects Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area

68
Q

aphasia

A

communication disorder from damage to language-containing part of brain

69
Q

conduction aphasia results from

A

damage to arcuate fasciculus

70
Q

conduction aphasia marked by

A

inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension

71
Q

assimilation

A

process of classifying new information into existing schemata

72
Q

accommodation

A

existing schemata modified to encompass new information

73
Q

primary circular reactions

A

repetition of body movement that initially occurred by chance

74
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

manipulation is focused on something outside the body, like throwing toys from high chair over and over

75
Q

symbolic thinking

A

ability to pretend, play make-believe, have imagination

76
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

77
Q

centration

A

tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to understand conservation

78
Q

object permanence marks the beginning of

A

representational thought

79
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

child’s internalization of his or her culture drives cognitive development

80
Q

fluid intelligence

A

problem-solving skills, peaks early adulthood

81
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

use of learned skills and knowledge, peaks middle adulthood

82
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

memory impairment/changes in mental status/loss of motor skills. thiamine, i.e. vitamin B1 deficiency

83
Q

language acquisition timeline

A

9-12 m/o babbling, 12-18 m/o 1 word p/m, 18-20 m/o language explosion/combining words, 2-3 y/o longer sentences of 3 words or more, 5 y/o language rules largely mastered

84
Q

expressive aphasia AKA

A

Broca’s aphasia AKA

85
Q

receptive aphasia AKA

A

Wernicke’s aphasia AKA

behavioral sciences (9 decks)

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