social processes, attitudes, and behavior Flashcards
social facilitation
tendency of people to perform at a different level based on fact that others are around
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior
bystander effect
describes observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to someone in need
peer pressure
social influence placed on individuals by others they consider equals
group polarization
tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme then the thoughts of the individual group members
groupthink
tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas. ethics may be disturbed as pressure is created to conform and remain loyal to the group.
culture
beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, characteristics of a group or society of people
assimilation
process by which a group or individual’s culture begins to melt into another culture
multiculturalism
encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity
subcultures
group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong
socialization
process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
norms
determine boundaries of acceptable behavior within society
agents of socialization
family, peers, school, religious affiliation, other groups that promote socialization
stigma
extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
deviance
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
conformity
changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society
compliance
when individuals change their behavior based on requests of others. methods of gaining compliance include foot-in-the door technique, door-in-the-face technique, lowball technique, and that’s-not-all technique, among others
obedience
change in behavior based on command from someone seen as authority figure
attitudes
tendencies toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of something
components to attitudes
affective, behavioral, cognitive
functional attitudes theory
there are four functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense
learning theory
attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, conditioning
elaboration likelihood model
attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration (central route processing, peripheral route processing)
social cognitive theory
attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment
social facilitation
tendency of people to perform at a different level based on fact that others are around
deindividualism
idea that people will lose a sense of self-awareness
bystander effect
describes observation that individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need when in a group
social loafing
refers to decrease in effort seen when individuals are in a group
peer pressure
refers to social influence placed on individuals by others they consider their equals
what is similar between group polarization and groupthink?
both social processes that occur when groups make decisions
what are differences between assimilation and multiculturalism?
by assimilation, multiple cultures merge into one, typically with unequal blending of ideas and beliefs. multiculturalism refers to idea that multiple cultures should be encouraged and respected without one culture becoming dominant overall.
what is the difference between primary and secondary socialization?
primary = initial learning of acceptable behaviors and societal norms during childhood, which is facilitated mostly by parents and other trusted adults. secondary socialization refers to learning the norms of specific subgroups or situations during adolescence and adulthood.
conformity
changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society.
compliance
individuals change their behavior based on request of others who do not wield authority
obedience
change in behavior because of a request from an authority figure
foot-in-the-door
asking for favors that increase in size with each subsequent request
door-in-the-face
making large request and then, if refused, making smaller request
lowball
gaining compliance without revealing the full cost of the favor
that’s-not-all
increasing reward for request before individual has chance to make decision
what are the three components of attitude?
affective, behavioral, cognitive
what are the four functional areas of the functional attitudes theory?
knowledge, ego, expression, adaptation, ego defense
what are the routes of processing used to explain the elaboration likelihood model? Which is associated with high elaboration?
central route processing and peripheral route processing. central route processing is assoc with high elaboration
what are the three interactive factors of Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation?
behavior, personal factors, environment
