Social Thinking Flashcards
interpersonal attraction
- what makes people like each other
- influenced by physical attractiveness, similarity of thoughts and physical traits, self-disclosure, reciprocity, & proximity
aggression
a physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance
attachment
- an emotional bond to another person
- usually refers to the bond between a child and caregiver
secure attachment
- requires a consistent caregiver
- child shows a strong preference for the caregiver compared to strangers
avoidant attachment
- occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child
- child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers
ambivalent attachement
- occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectful
- child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns
disorganized attachment
- occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive
- the child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence
social support
the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
emotional support
listening to, affirming, and emphasizing with someone’s feelings
esteem support
affirms the qualities and skills of the person
material support
providing physical or monetary support
informational support
providing useful information to a person
network support
providing a sense to belonging to a person
foraging
searching for and exploiting food resources
mating system
describes the way in which a group is organized in terms of sexual behavior
altruism
a helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself
game theory
attempts to explain decision making between individuals as if they are participating in a game
inclusive fitness
a measure of an organism’s success in the population based on how well it propagates its own genes
social perception
- the way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment
- it contains a perciever, target, and situation
social capital
the practice of developing and maintaining relationships that form social networks willing to help each other
implicit personality theory
when we look at somebody for the first time, we pick up on one of their characteristics and assume other traits about the person based off of that one characteristic we first picked up on
attribution theory
focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior
dispositional
- internal
- causes of a behavior are internal
situational
- external
- surroundings or context cause behavior
correspondent inference theory
- focuses on the intentionality of a person’s behavior
- when someone unexpectedly does something that either helps or hurts us, we form a dispositional attribution
- we correlate the action to the person’s personality
fundamental attribution error
the bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regards to the actions of others
attribution substitution
occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic
actor-observer bias
tendency to attribute your own actions to external causes and others’ actions to dispositional causes
self-fulfilling prophecy
when stereotypes lead to expectations and those expectations create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype
stereotype threat
concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group
cultural relativism
refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms
base rate fallacy
the error people make when they ignore the base rates (i.e., prior probabilities) when evaluating the probabilities (or frequencies) of events
hindsight bias
- “I knew all along”
- refers to the tendency for a person to overestimate how well he or she could have successfully predicted a known outcome
observer bias
- happens when a researcher’s expectations, opinions, or prejudices influence what they perceive or record in a study
- results are skewed when the observer’s knowledge of the experiment or participant influences the outcome
hawthorne effect
modifying behavior when having knowledge of being observed
