Biology & Behavior Flashcards
Franz Gall
Phrenology
Pierre Flourens
- Functions of major sections of the brain
- used extripation study parts of brain
William James
- Functionalism: how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment
John Dewey
Functionalism
Paul Broca
- Studies people with legions in specific regions of brain
- Brocas: speed production
Hermann von Helmoltz
- speed of impulse
- made psychology a science
Sir Charles Sherrington
Synapes
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Brain Organization
What parts of the brain are in the hindbrain?
- cerebellum
- medulla oblongata
- reticular formation
Brain Organization:
What parts of the brain are in the midbrain?
inferior and superior colliculi
Brain Organization:
What parts of the brain are in the forebrain?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
- cerebral cortex
Forebrain
Function of Thalamus
relay station for sensory information
Forebrain
Function of hypothalamus
- homeostasis
- 4 F’s: fighting, fleeing, feeding, fornication
- integrates with endocrine system
- hypothalamus –> hypophyseal portal –> anterior pituitary
Forebrain
Function of Basal Ganglia
- smooth movements
- postural activity
Forebrain
Function of limbic system
- septal nuclei: pleasure and addiction
- amygdala: fear and aggression
- hippocampus: emotion and memory
Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
Function of frontal lobe
- executive function
- impulse control
- speech
- motor
Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
Function of parietal lobe
- touch
- pressure
- temp
- pain
- spatial processing
Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
Function of occipital lobe
visual
Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
Function of temporal lobe
- sound
- speech perception
- memory
- emotion
Forebrain
Function of left cerebral hemisphere
- analytic
- language
- logica
- math
Forebrain
Function of right cerebral hemisphere
- intuition
- creativity
- spatial processing
Nervous System
sensory neuron pathway
afferent, receptors –> spinal cord
Nervous System
interneurons pathway
- between others neurons
- mainly CNS
Nervous System
reflex arcs pathway
interneurons in spinal cord relay info to the source of stimuli while simultaneouslt routing it to the brain
Nervous System
CNS pathway
brain –> spinal cord
Nervous system
PNS pathway
nervous tissue and fibers outside CNS
Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
voluntary
Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic = fight or flight
Parasympathetic = rest and digest
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
- move muscles (somatic NS)
- also used by the parasympathetic and CNS
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
- maintains smooth movements
- steady posture
- reward signaling pathway
Neurotransmitters
Endorphins & Enkephalines
natural pain killers
Neurotransmitters
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
- maintain wakefulness and mediate fight or flight response
- epinephrine tend to act as a hormone
- norepinephrine tends to act as a neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters
GABA
- inhibitory neurotransmitters
- act as brain stabilizers
- glycine serves similar function
Neurotransmitters
Glutamate
acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
modulate:
* mood
* sleep
* eating
* dreaming
Hormones
Cortisol
stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex
Hormones
tesosterone & estrogen
- mediate libido
- testerone increases aggressive behavior
- both are produced in gonads, released by adrenal cortex
Hormones
epinephrine & norepinephrine
- released by adrenal medulla
- cause physiological changes associated with the sympathetic nervouse system
Development
The nervous system develpes through [–], in which the [–] stimulates overlying [–] to fold over, creating a [–] topped with [–]
The nervous system develpes through neurulation, in which the notochord stimulates overlying ectoderm to fold over, creating a neural tube topped with neural crest cells
Development
Neural Tube
becomes the CNS
Development
Neural Crest Cells
spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues
Development
Primitive Reflexes
exist in infants and should disappear with age
Development
Rooting Reflex
turns head toward stimulus
Development
Moro Reflex
extend arms, response to falling sensation
Developement
Babinski Reflex
big toe is extended and other toes fan out in response to brushing on sole of foot
Development
Grasping Reflex
Grabs anything put into hands
Development
What are the development milestones?
- gross and fine motor abilities progress head to toe and core to periphery
- social skills shift from parent-oriented to other-oriented
- language and skills become increasingly complex
binocular depth cues
retinal disparity = each of our eyes recieves slightly different information about an object to construct a perception of the object’s location in 3D space
monocular depth cues
- retinal height of an object
- when there is something occluding the object
- how textured an object appears
