Cognition, Consciousness, & Language Flashcards
Cognition
information processing model
the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer
cognition
piaget’s stages
- involves schemas and assimilation vs. accomodation:
- sensorimotor: 0 - 2 yrs –> child manipulates the enviornment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permenence develops at the end of this stage
- preoperational: 2 - 7 yrs –> pretend plays, symbolic thinking so they learn to talk, egocentrism & centration
- concrete operational: 7 - 11 yrs –> understands the feeling of others; conservation develops; math
- formal operational: 11+ yrs –> abstract thought and problem solving; moral reasoning
problem-solving
types of problem solving
- trial-and-error
- algorithms
- deductive reasoning
- inductive reasoning
problem-solving
deductive reasoning
form conclusion from rules
problem-solving
inductive reasoning
form conclusions from evidence
problem-solving
mental set
a pattern of approach for a given problem
problem-solving
functional fixedness
- the tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized
- creates barriers to problem-soling
problem-solving
heuristics
“rule of thumb”
problem-solving
availability heuristics
when we make our decision based on how easily similar instances can be imagined
problem-solving
representativeness heuristics
when we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined
problem-solving
confirmation bias
the tendency to make decisions about actions/events based on our standard representations of the events
problem-solving
gardner’s theory of 7 multiple intelligences
- linguistic
- logical-mathematical
- musical
- visual-spatial
- bodily-kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
consciousness
alertness
- state of being awake and thinking
- EEG show beta waves, alpha waves when awake but tired, eyes closed
- beta: increased frequency, decreased amp
- alpha: synchronous
consciousness
hypnosis
- individuals appear to be in normal control of their faculties but are in highly suggestible state
- used for pain control psychological therapy, memory enhancement
consciousness-altering drugs
depressants
- alcohol
- barbituates
- benzodiazepine
- increase GABA
consciousness-altering drugs
stimulants
- amphetamines
- cocaine
- ecstasy
- increased dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin at synaptic cleft
consciousness-altering drugs
opiates & opiods
- heroin
- morphine
- opium
- oxycodone
- hydrocodone
- can cause death by respiratory depression
consciousness-altering drugs
mesolimbic pathway
- mediates drug addiction
- includes nucleus accumbens medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area
- dopamine is the main neurotransmitter
Alterness
selective alertness
allows one to pay attention to particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the backgground require attention
alertness
divided alertness
uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
sleep
sequential order of brain waves
beta –> alpha –> theta –> delta
BAT-D
sleep
stage 1
- light sleep
- theta waves
sleep
stage 2
- slightly deeper sleep
- theta waves
- sleep spindles
- k complexes
- decreased HR, respiration, temperature
sleep
stage 3 & 4
- deep sleep
- delta waves
- slow-wave sleeping (SWS)
- most sleep disorders occur at stage 3 & 4
- non-rapid eyemovement sleep (NREM)
- growth hormone released
sleep
rapid eye movement
- rem sleep
- the mind appears awake on EEG, but the person is asleep
- eye movements and body paralysis
- mostly beta waves
sleep
sleep cycle
- 90 min
- stages 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM
sleep
circadian rhythm
- 24 hours
- melatonin triggers sleepiness
- cortisol promotes wakefulness
sleep
dreaming
mostly during REM
sleep
activation-synthesis theory
- dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep
- activation in brainstem
- synthesis in cortex
sleep
dyssomnias
- difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
- insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
sleep
parasomnias
- abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
- night terrors, sleepwalking
language
phonolgy
the actual sound of speech
language
morphology
the building blocks of words
language
semantics
the meaning of words
language
syntax
rules dictating word order
language
pragmatics
changes in language delivery depending on context
language
nativist (biological) theory
language acquisition is innate
language
learning (behaviorist) theory
language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers
language
social interactionist theory
language acquisition is caused by motivation to communicate and interact with others
language
whorfian hypothesis
- linguistic relativity
- the lens by which we view and interpret the world is created by language
language
broca’s area
produces speech
language
wernicke’s area
language comprehension
language
arcuate fasiculus
connection between broca’s and wernicke’s
language
conduction aphasia
can’t repeat words
