Cognition, Consciousness, & Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

information processing model

A

the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer

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2
Q

cognition

piaget’s stages

A
  • involves schemas and assimilation vs. accomodation:
  • sensorimotor: 0 - 2 yrs –> child manipulates the enviornment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permenence develops at the end of this stage
  • preoperational: 2 - 7 yrs –> pretend plays, symbolic thinking so they learn to talk, egocentrism & centration
  • concrete operational: 7 - 11 yrs –> understands the feeling of others; conservation develops; math
  • formal operational: 11+ yrs –> abstract thought and problem solving; moral reasoning
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3
Q

problem-solving

types of problem solving

A
  • trial-and-error
  • algorithms
  • deductive reasoning
  • inductive reasoning
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4
Q

problem-solving

deductive reasoning

A

form conclusion from rules

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5
Q

problem-solving

inductive reasoning

A

form conclusions from evidence

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6
Q

problem-solving

mental set

A

a pattern of approach for a given problem

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7
Q

problem-solving

functional fixedness

A
  • the tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized
  • creates barriers to problem-soling
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8
Q

problem-solving

heuristics

A

“rule of thumb”

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9
Q

problem-solving

availability heuristics

A

when we make our decision based on how easily similar instances can be imagined

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10
Q

problem-solving

representativeness heuristics

A

when we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined

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11
Q

problem-solving

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to make decisions about actions/events based on our standard representations of the events

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12
Q

problem-solving

gardner’s theory of 7 multiple intelligences

A
  1. linguistic
  2. logical-mathematical
  3. musical
  4. visual-spatial
  5. bodily-kinesthetic
  6. interpersonal
  7. intrapersonal
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13
Q

consciousness

alertness

A
  • state of being awake and thinking
  • EEG show beta waves, alpha waves when awake but tired, eyes closed
  • beta: increased frequency, decreased amp
  • alpha: synchronous
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14
Q

consciousness

hypnosis

A
  • individuals appear to be in normal control of their faculties but are in highly suggestible state
  • used for pain control psychological therapy, memory enhancement
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15
Q

consciousness-altering drugs

depressants

A
  • alcohol
  • barbituates
  • benzodiazepine
  • increase GABA
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16
Q

consciousness-altering drugs

stimulants

A
  • amphetamines
  • cocaine
  • ecstasy
  • increased dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin at synaptic cleft
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17
Q

consciousness-altering drugs

opiates & opiods

A
  • heroin
  • morphine
  • opium
  • oxycodone
  • hydrocodone
  • can cause death by respiratory depression
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18
Q

consciousness-altering drugs

mesolimbic pathway

A
  • mediates drug addiction
  • includes nucleus accumbens medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area
  • dopamine is the main neurotransmitter
19
Q

Alterness

selective alertness

A

allows one to pay attention to particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the backgground require attention

20
Q

alertness

divided alertness

A

uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time

21
Q

sleep

sequential order of brain waves

A

beta –> alpha –> theta –> delta

BAT-D

22
Q

sleep

stage 1

A
  • light sleep
  • theta waves
23
Q

sleep

stage 2

A
  • slightly deeper sleep
  • theta waves
  • sleep spindles
  • k complexes
  • decreased HR, respiration, temperature
24
Q

sleep

stage 3 & 4

A
  • deep sleep
  • delta waves
  • slow-wave sleeping (SWS)
  • most sleep disorders occur at stage 3 & 4
  • non-rapid eyemovement sleep (NREM)
  • growth hormone released
25
Q

sleep

rapid eye movement

A
  • rem sleep
  • the mind appears awake on EEG, but the person is asleep
  • eye movements and body paralysis
  • mostly beta waves
26
Q

sleep

sleep cycle

A
  • 90 min
  • stages 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM
27
Q

sleep

circadian rhythm

A
  • 24 hours
  • melatonin triggers sleepiness
  • cortisol promotes wakefulness
28
Q

sleep

dreaming

A

mostly during REM

29
Q

sleep

activation-synthesis theory

A
  • dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep
  • activation in brainstem
  • synthesis in cortex
30
Q

sleep

dyssomnias

A
  • difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
  • insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
31
Q

sleep

parasomnias

A
  • abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
  • night terrors, sleepwalking
32
Q

language

phonolgy

A

the actual sound of speech

33
Q

language

morphology

A

the building blocks of words

34
Q

language

semantics

A

the meaning of words

35
Q

language

syntax

A

rules dictating word order

36
Q

language

pragmatics

A

changes in language delivery depending on context

37
Q

language

nativist (biological) theory

A

language acquisition is innate

38
Q

language

learning (behaviorist) theory

A

language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

39
Q

language

social interactionist theory

A

language acquisition is caused by motivation to communicate and interact with others

40
Q

language

whorfian hypothesis

A
  • linguistic relativity
  • the lens by which we view and interpret the world is created by language
41
Q

language

broca’s area

A

produces speech

42
Q

language

wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

43
Q

language

arcuate fasiculus

A

connection between broca’s and wernicke’s

44
Q

language

conduction aphasia

A

can’t repeat words