Learning & Memory Flashcards
Learning
Habituation
becoming used to a stimulus
Learning
dishabituation
when 2nd stimulus intervenes causing a resensitization of the original stimulus
Learning
associative learning
pairing together stimuli/ responses or behaviors/ consequences
Learning
operant conditioning
behavior is changed through the use of consequences
learning
operant conditioning: reinforcement
increases likelihood of behavior
Learning
operant conditioning: punishment
decreases likelihood of behavior
Learning
schedule
the schedule of reinforcement can be based on an amount of time or a ratio of behavior/ reward, and can be either fixed or variable
Learning
operant conditioning: positive response
adding something
Learning
operant conditioning: negative response
removing something
Learning
extinction
when a previouslt reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, it goes extinct
Learning
shaping
in operant conditioning, shaping is a when behavior that is closer to the target behavior is reinforced
Learning
classical conditioning
with repitition, a neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response
Learning
observational learning or modeling
the acqisition of behavior by watching others
memory
encoding
- the process of putting new info into memory
- it can be automatic or effortful
- semantic encoding is stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding
memory
sensory & short term memory
transient and based on neurotransmitter activity
(<1 min)
memory
working memory
- stores information temporarily during the completion of cognitive tasks
- requires short term memory
- executive function to manipulate information
memory
long term memory
- takes info from short-term memory store and creates lasting memories
- requires elaborate rehearsal and is the result of neuronal connectivity
- types: explicit (declarative) memory, implicit (nondeclarative memory)
- last lifetime
memory
explicit (declarative) memory
- accounts for memories that we must consciously recall with effort and focus
- conscious
- facts, events
memory
implicit (nondeclarative) memory
- accounts for acquired skills and conditioned responses to circumstances and stimuli
- unconscious
- skills, tasks
memory
semantic networks
- stores facts
- concepts are linked together based on similar meaning
- certain triggers will activate associated memories
memory
retrieval
- recognition of info is stronger than recall
- retrieval is often based on priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network
memory
alzheimers
- degenerative brain disorder linked to a loss of Ach in neurons that link to hippocampus
- causes dementia and memoy loss
memory
korsakoff’s syndrome
- memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain
- causes retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia
- causes confabulation
memory
confabulation
fabrication of vivid but fake memories
memory
agnosia
- loss of ability to recognize objects, people or sounds
- usually caused by physical damage to brain
memory
retroactive interference
new memories make you forget old memories
memory
proactive interference
old memories interfere with learning new memories
memory
declarative memory
information that you can consciously recall, state, and describe
memory
episodic memory
type of declarative memory
events, experiences
memory
semantic memory
type of declarative memory
facts, concepts
discriminating stimuli
a specific environmental cue that signals to the individual that a particular behavior will be reinforcement or punishment
overextension
applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance
