Motivation, Emotion, & Stress Flashcards
motivation
instincts
innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
motivation
instinct theory
people perform certain behaviors because of their evolutionarily programmed instincts
motivation
arousal
the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
motivation
optimal arousal theory
- optimal performance requires optimal arousal
- arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance
motivation
drives
internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals
motivation
primary drives
related to biological drives
motivation
secondary drives
stem from learning
motivation
drive reduction theory
motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states
motivation
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization
- higher needs only produce drives one lower needs are met
motivation
self-actualization
full realization of ones talents and potential
motivation
self-determination theory
emphasizes 3 universal needs:
1. autonomy
2. competence
3. relatedness
motivation
incentive theory
explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
motivation
expectancy-value ratio
the amount of motivation for a task is based on the expectation of success and the value of that success
motivation
opponent-process theory
explains motivation for drug use:
* as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawl symptoms
motivation
house money effect
after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one’s own
motivation
gambler’s fallacy
if something happens more frequently than normal, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vis versa
motivation
prisoner’s dilemma
two people act out of their own self-interest, but if they had copperated, the results would have been even better
emotion
three components of emotion
- cognitive: subjective
- physiological: changes in autonomic NS
- behavioral: facial expressions and body language
emotion
7 universal emotions
- happiness
- sadness
- contempt
- suprise
- fear
- disgust
- anger
emotions
james-lange theory
behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions
arousal –> heart pounding –> fear
emotions
cannon-bard theory
- emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneosuly
- they arise from separate and independent areas of the brain
arousal –> heart pounding + fear
emotions
schacter-singer theory
- two-factor theory of emotion
- physiological arousal and interpretation of context or “cognitve label lead to emotion”
arousal –> heart pounding + cognitive label –> fear
emotions
limbic system
concerned with instincts and mood
stress
primary stress appraisal
classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
stress
secondary stress apraisal
evaluating if the organism an cope with the stress
stress
general adaptation syndrome
- specific stressors do not have specific responses, they all generate the same general physical stress response
- 3 stages of stress
stress
3 stages of stress
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
- these involve both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
- release ACTH leads to increased cortisol
extrinsic motivation
any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself
external motivation
described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation
