Motivation, Emotion, & Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

instincts

A

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

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2
Q

motivation

instinct theory

A

people perform certain behaviors because of their evolutionarily programmed instincts

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3
Q

motivation

arousal

A

the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

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4
Q

motivation

optimal arousal theory

A
  • optimal performance requires optimal arousal
  • arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance
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5
Q

motivation

drives

A

internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals

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6
Q

motivation

primary drives

A

related to biological drives

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7
Q

motivation

secondary drives

A

stem from learning

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8
Q

motivation

drive reduction theory

A

motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

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9
Q

motivation

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  • physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization
  • higher needs only produce drives one lower needs are met
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10
Q

motivation

self-actualization

A

full realization of ones talents and potential

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11
Q

motivation

self-determination theory

A

emphasizes 3 universal needs:
1. autonomy
2. competence
3. relatedness

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12
Q

motivation

incentive theory

A

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

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13
Q

motivation

expectancy-value ratio

A

the amount of motivation for a task is based on the expectation of success and the value of that success

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14
Q

motivation

opponent-process theory

A

explains motivation for drug use:
* as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawl symptoms

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15
Q

motivation

house money effect

A

after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one’s own

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16
Q

motivation

gambler’s fallacy

A

if something happens more frequently than normal, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vis versa

17
Q

motivation

prisoner’s dilemma

A

two people act out of their own self-interest, but if they had copperated, the results would have been even better

18
Q

emotion

three components of emotion

A
  • cognitive: subjective
  • physiological: changes in autonomic NS
  • behavioral: facial expressions and body language
19
Q

emotion

7 universal emotions

A
  • happiness
  • sadness
  • contempt
  • suprise
  • fear
  • disgust
  • anger
20
Q

emotions

james-lange theory

A

behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions

arousal –> heart pounding –> fear

21
Q

emotions

cannon-bard theory

A
  • emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneosuly
  • they arise from separate and independent areas of the brain

arousal –> heart pounding + fear

22
Q

emotions

schacter-singer theory

A
  • two-factor theory of emotion
  • physiological arousal and interpretation of context or “cognitve label lead to emotion”

arousal –> heart pounding + cognitive label –> fear

23
Q

emotions

limbic system

A

concerned with instincts and mood

24
Q

stress

primary stress appraisal

A

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

25
Q

stress

secondary stress apraisal

A

evaluating if the organism an cope with the stress

26
Q

stress

general adaptation syndrome

A
  • specific stressors do not have specific responses, they all generate the same general physical stress response
  • 3 stages of stress
27
Q

stress

3 stages of stress

A
  1. alarm
  2. resistance
  3. exhaustion
  • these involve both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
  • release ACTH leads to increased cortisol
28
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself

29
Q

external motivation

A

described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation