Identity and Personality Flashcards
Self-concept & identity
self-concept
the sum of ways we describe ourselves
Self-concept & identity
self-esteem
the closure our actual self is to our ideal self and our ought self (who others want us to be)
Self-concept & identity
self-efficacy
the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or situation
Self-concept & identity
learned helplessness
a state of hopelessness that results from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli
Self-concept & identity
internal locus of control
we control our own success/failure
Self-concept & identity
external locus of control
outside factors have more control
formation of identity
Freud’s Pyschosexual stages
- based on tensions cause by the libido
- failure at any stage leafs to fixations which causes personality disorder
- stages:
- oral: 0 - 1
- anal: 1 - 3
- phallic: 3 - 6
- latent: 6 - puberty
- genital: puberty - adult
formation of identity
erikson’s stages
- trust vs. mistrust (0 - 1)
- autonomy vs. shame (1- 3)
- intiative vs. guilt (3 - 6)
- industry vs. inferiority (6 - 12)
- indentity vs. role confusion (12 - 20)
- intimacy vs. isolation (20 - 40)
- generativity vs. stagnation (40 - 65)
- integrity vs. despair (65+)
formation of identity
kholberg’s stages
- stages based on moral dilemmas
- 6 stages in 3 phases (pre-conventional, conventional, post-convential)
formation of identity
vgotsky
zone of proximal development
formation of identity
zone of proximal development
the skills that a child has not yet mastered and require a more knowledgeable other to accomplish
formation of identity
imitation & role-taking
common ways children learn from others
formation of identity
reference group
the group to which we compare ourselves
personality
psychoanalytics perspective
personality results from unconscious urges & desires
freud, jung, adler, and horney
personality
Freud’s theory
Id, superego, ego
personality
Id
base urge of survival and reproduction
unconscious level
personality
superego
the idealist and perfectionist
preconscious level
personality
ego
- mediator between the two and the conscious mind
- the ego uses defense mechanisms to decrease stress
conscious + preconscious + unconscious level
personality
Jung
- collective unconscious links all humans together
- personality is influenced by archetypes
personality
adler & horney
unconscious is motivated by social urges
personality
humanistic perspective
- emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive for happiness and self-realization
- maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Roger’s unconditional positive regard flow from the humanistic view of personality
personality
type & trait theory
personality can be described by identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors
personality
type theories
- ancient greek humors
- sheldon’s somatotypes
- divisions into Type A and Type B
- Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
personality
trait theories
- PEN
- Big Five
- 3 Basic traits
personality
PEN
- psychoticism (nonconformity)
- extraversion (sociable)
- neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations)
personality
Big five
- openness
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticisim
OCEAN
personality
3 Basic traits
- cardinal traits: traits around which a person organizes their life
- central traits: major characteristics of personaliy
- secondary traits: more personal characteristics and limited in occurrence
personality
social cognitive perspective
- emphasizes cognitive processes in development of personality
- the cognitive processes contribute to learned behaviors
ex) judging and thinking
personality
behavorist approach
- individual’s actions are responses to external stimuli (environment), driven by outcomes
- outcomes, not cognitions = the drives behind an individual’s choices and behaviors
personality
biological perspective
behavior can be explained as a result of genetic expression
dispositional factors
internal traits or characteristics of an individual that influence their behavior.
situational factors
external factors or circumstances that influence an individual’s behavior
