Social Psychology Flashcards
Heider’s Theory of Attributions focused on what two areas?
Internal/Dispositional Attributions
External/Situational Attributions
Which theorist developed the idea of dispositional vs. situational attributions?
Heider
What were Kelly’s 3 considerations of attributions?
Consistency
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Who theorized that consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus were relevant to attributions?
Kelly
According to Kelly, internal attributions are made when?
High Consistency
Low Distinctiveness
Low Consensus
According to Kelly, when are external attributions made?
High Consistency
High Distinctiveness
High Consensus
Weiner proposed what four categories of attributions?
Internal-Stable
Internal-Unstable
External-Stable
External-Unstable
Internal-Stable, Internal-Unstable, External-Stable, and External-Unstable are the categories of attributions coined by whom?
Weiner
What types of attributions are made in learned helplessness?
Internal, Stable, and Global
What type of people have the most accurate appraisals of situations?
Depressed People
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Failure of others is attributed to internal dispositional factors
What is the term for when we attribute the failure of others to internal dispositional factors?
Fundamental Attribution Error
What is the actor/observer bias?
You and someone else do the same wrong behavior. When you do it you blame is on external factors. When the other person does it you blame it on internal factors.
What is the self-serving bias?
When we succeed we believe it’s due to internal factors, but when we fail we blame it on external factors.
What is the availability heuristic?
We estimate how likely something is to happen based on information available to us and how easily we can remember it
What is the simulation heuristic?
when people imagine things, they come to believe them
Who created personal construct theory?
Kelly
What is personal construct theory?
We perceive things based on what we expect to see
What is an attitude?
A predisposition to respond to a particular situation/stimulus in a particular way
What are the 3 components of attitudes?
Cognitive
Affective
Behavioral
What is consistency theory?
We try to impose structure and order. When things are inconsistent or out of balance, we have to change something.
What is Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
We are going to change our attitudes we we feel bad feelings associated with inconsistency between our thoughts and behaviors.
What is balance theory?
If two people have an attitude towards the same object/activity, there is balance when there are 3 positive or 1 positive and two negatives.
What is symmetry theory?
The stronger the bond between two people, the stronger the imbalance of balance theory is felt.
What is congruity theory?
If you like someone, either your view of your friend or the item of opposition will change based on which you feel more strongly about?
What is post-decisional dissonance?
When there are two good choices, you feel disappointed about the one you didn’t choose.
How will you reduce post-decisional dissonance?
Emphasize the benefits of the selected choice
What is effort justification?
When a person spends a lot of time on something that doesn’t turn out to be worthwhile, they will emphasize the good about the experience
What is insufficient justification?
When someone does something undesirable for very little reward they will emphasize the good about what was done.
What is insufficient deterrence?
When someone didn’t do something, but there was a deterrent in the way, and they feel bad about the thing they didn’t do, they will overemphasize the deterrent.
What is Behm’s Self-Perception Theory?
We infer our attitudes and emotions by observing our behavior
What is the overjustification hypothesis?
You can lose intrinsic interest if given too much external justification.
What is self-verification theory?
We tend to be motivated to confirm our self-concept, whether it be positive or negative
What is behavioral confirmation theory?
We are motivated to confirm expectations that others have of us
What is self-enhancement theory?
We are trying to make ourselves feel better and behave in ways so that others think positively about us
How are people best persuaded to make decisions on unimportant issues (cereal choices)?
If the source of the persuasive message is likable, attractive, and similar to the recipient
What type of person is most persuasive when sharing messages on important issues?
Someone who is credible and trustworthy
What is the sleeper effect?
Over time we forget the source of our information, but not the message
When appealing to fear, what must a message do?
It must be believable and evoke a significant amount of fear, but also give steps to avoid the feared thing
What is the primacy effect?
When there is a long gap between when you are told something and when the behavior occurs, you will remember the first thing you were told or the first speaker
What is the recency effect?
When there is a short gap between when you are told something and when the behavior occurs, you will remember the last think you were told or the last speaker
When does the primacy effect occur?
When there is a long gap between when you are told something and when the behavior occurs
When does the recency effect occur?
When there is a short gap between when you are told something and the behavior occurs.
What type of people are the easiest to influence?
People with moderate self-esteem, with a moderate discrepancy of beliefs, people who are vulnerable, and people who are very involved with the idea or product
What is reactance theory?
People do not comply with requests or persuasion if they feel their freedom is threatened
What is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?
People can be persuaded either peripherally or centrally
What is the peripheral route of persuasion?
Focuses on things not central to the message such as attractiveness of the speaker
What is the central route of persuasion?
The message itself
How can we inoculate against persuasion?
Give someone a mild argument in the opposite direction
What is approach-approach conflict?
When you want two good things but can’t have both
How does an approach-approach conflict resolve?
As you move in one direction the other option decreases in appeal
What is an approach-avoidance conflict?
You need to choose between doing something that has both positive and negative consequences
How does the approach-avoidance timeline occur?
The approach tendency is stronger when you are further away, but as the thing becomes closer, avoidance becomes stronger
What is an avoidance-avoidance conflict?
Both items are unpleasant but you have to choose one
How is one likely to solve an avoidance-avoidance conflict?
People attempt to avoid choosing
Which sex is found to be most competent by both females and males?
Males
What is the best way to reduce prejudice and discrimination?
Make competing groups work towards a superordinate goal
Increase Contact between groups
What’s the best way to measure reduction in prejudice and discrimination?
Behavioral Observations
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Emotions result from perceiving bodily reactions
Whose theory of emotion suggests that emotions result from perceiving our bodily reactions?
James-Lange
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously (messages are simultaneously sent to the hypothalamus and limbic system)
Whose theory of emotion suggests emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously?
Cannon-Bard
What is Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?
Both internal and external factors matter. The reaction of the limbic system and hypothalamus cause us to evaluate our surroundings and context to help us determine how we are feeling
Whose famous hospital study suggested that we create schemas based on the context in which we are in?
Rosenhan’s Pseudo-Patient Study
What is Social Comparison Theory?
In the absence of objective standards, we tend to compare ourselves to others in order to evaluate our abilities and characteristics
What is the matching hypothesis of attraction?
People tend to choose people of equal attractiveness to themselves
What is social exchange theory?
When the costs begin to outweigh the rewards, the person becomes less attractive to us
How does heightened arousal affect our desire to be around others?
It makes us want to be around others in the same emotional state
What is bystander apathy?
Diffusion of Responsibility
The likelihood of receiving help decreases as the number of bystanders increases
What aspects of groups make someone more likely to conform?
Being an outsider to the group
Unanimity
Group size of 7
What is normative conformity?
Conforming because you want to be accepted by the group
What is informational conformity?
Conforming because you believe the other people have more information than you do
What is reference group conformity?
Conforming to people you look up to
What makes you more likely to influence a group when you hold the minority opinion?
Persistence and consistency
What is idiosyncrasy credit?
In a group you can behave in a nonconforming way only if you initially conformed
What are additive group tasks?
The effort of all group members is combined to determine the overall result
What is a disjunctive group task?
When the outcome depends on the most effective group member
What is a conjunctive group task?
When the outcome is limited by the least effective group member
What is deindividuation?
The tendency to lose your personal identity and adopt the identity of the group
What is necessary for deindividuation?
Anonymity
What is risky shift?
The tendency for people in groups to make riskier decisions than they would make independently
What is response polarization?
The tendency for opinions/behaviors to become more extreme when in group
What is groupthink?
The tendency for a cohesive group to all start to think alike and lose the capacity for critical thinking
What is the best way to fight against groupthink?
Appointing a devil’s advocate
What is social facilitation?
The improvement in task performance when performing a simple, familiar, over-learned task in the presence of others doing the same task
What is social inhibition?
When performing a novel task in the presence of others, you are more likely to perform worse
What is social loafing?
If you’re part of a group where individual performance i not monitored and the group as a whole is doing well, you may slack off
