Biological Basis of Behavior-Central Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the role of sensory neurons?
A
To bring information in the central nervous system
2
Q
What is another name for Efferent neurons?
A
Motor Neurons
3
Q
What is the role of motor (efferent) neurons?
A
To carry information away from the central nervous system to various muscles and glands
4
Q
Names of the Cervical Vertebrae
A
C1-C7
5
Q
Names of the Thoracic Vertebrae
A
T1-T12
6
Q
Names of the Back Vertebrae
A
L1-L5
7
Q
Names of the Sacral Vertebrae
A
S1
8
Q
What are the four spinal vertebrae in order from top to bottom?
A
Cervical
Thoracic
Back
Sacral
9
Q
What is Quadriplegia?
A
Paralysis of all limbs
10
Q
Severing the spinal cord between C1-C5 results in?
A
Quadriplegia
11
Q
What is paraplegia?
A
Inability to move one’s legs
12
Q
Severing the spinal cord between C6 or C7 results in?
A
Paraplegia and partial paralysis of the arms
13
Q
Severing the spinal cord at T1 or below results in?
A
Paraplegia
14
Q
What is paresis?
A
Weakness in one or more limbs
15
Q
Incomplete severation of the spinal cord in any location results in?
A
Paresis
16
Q
What are the 3 main parts of the brain?
A
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
17
Q
Which part of the brain is least developed at birth?
A
Cortex
18
Q
What are the Gyri?
A
The fold of the brain. They add cortical surface area to the brain.
19
Q
What is the outer surface area of the brain called?
A
Cortex
20
Q
The cerebrum consists of what 2 areas?
A
Cortical and Subcortical areas
21
Q
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
A
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
22
Q
Which lobe is the largest?
A
Frontal Lobe
23
Q
The Frontal Lobe contains what 3 divisions?
A
Prefrontal Cortex
Pre-Motor Area
Motor Area
24
Q
What are the functions of the Prefrontal Cortex?
A
Personality Emotionality Cognitive Flexibility Task Initiation Abstract Thinking Judgment Planning
25
What is the function of the Pre-Motor Area?
Planning Movement
26
What is the function of the Motor Area?
Initiating Movement
27
Where in the brain would you find Broca's Area?
Left frontal lobe
28
What is Broca's Area
Controls the muscles involved in speech production
29
What is Broca's Aphasia?
The inability to express language
30
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
Processing Somatosensory Information (ie. pain, heat, proprioception)
31
What is proprioception?
Identifying one's location in space (ie. the ability to understand where your body is, even with your eyes closed)
32
What are the functions of the right parietal lobe?
Directing attention and visual-spatial skills
| Overlearned motor and linguistic routines (ie. reading, writing, naming objects)
33
Anomia
Difficulty naming objects
34
Agnosia
Difficulty recognizing things
35
Agraphia
Difficulty writing
36
Alexia
Difficulty reading
37
Acalculia
Difficulty with math
38
A stroke in the right parietal lobe can result in?
anomia, agnosia, agraphia, alexia, acalculia, difficulty distinguishing left from right, difficulty with hand-eye coordination, and difficulty recognizing body parts
39
Symptoms of Gerstmann's Syndrome
Agraphia, acalculia, left/right disorientation, finger agnosia
40
Gerstmann's Syndrome is a result of a stroke in what part of the brain?
Left Parietal Lobe
41
A stroke in the left parietal lobe can result in?
Gerstmann's Syndrome
42
What structures are found in the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory cortex and connections to the limbic system
43
What are the functions of the left temporal lobe?
Verbal Memory
| Language Comprehension
44
Where is Wernicke's area located?
Left Temporal Lobe
45
Damage to Wernicke's area results in?
Difficulty understanding speech
46
What is the function of Wernicke's area?
Processing and understanding speech
47
What is the function of the right temporal lobe?
Visual Memory
48
Damage to the right temporal lobe results in?
Increased Aggressive Behavior
Change in Sexual Behavior
Memory Difficulties
Problems Understanding Speech
49
What structure is located in the occipital lobe?
Primary Visual Cortex
50
Which lobe of the brain is least likely to be damaged?
Occipital Lobe
51
Damage to the Occipital lobe results in?
Difficulty recognizing drawn objects
Difficulty identifying colors
Hallucinations or delusions
Difficulty recognizing words
52
What are Sulci?
Grooves that separate the lobes
53
The Central Sulcus separates which lobes?
Frontal and Parietal Lobes
54
The Lateral Sulcus separates which lobes?
Temporal Lobes from the Frontal/Parietal Lobes
55
Which hemisphere is dominant in most people?
Left
56
What are the primary functions of the left hemisphere?
Language and Motor Control
Verbal Memory
Rational/Analytical/Logical/Abstract Thinking
57
Language is controlled by which part of the brain?
Left Hemisphere
58
Which part of the brain controls rational, analytical, logical, and abstract thinking?
Left Hemisphere
59
Damage to the left hemisphere results in?
Language disorders, aphasia, agraphia, anomia, motor disturbances, and apraxias
60
What are the two main functions of the left hemisphere?
Language and Logic
61
What are the primary functions of the right hemisphere?
Art, perception, visual-spatial abilities, intuition, concept of body image, ability to comprehend and express visual-facial-verbal emotion
62
Damage to the right hemisphere can result in?
Left side hemi-neglect, prosopagnosia, agnosias for musical sound, affective abnormalities including abnormal sexual behavior
63
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize the faces of familiar people
64
What is the function of the corpus collosum?
To allow the left and right hemispheres to communicate with one another
65
Which brain structure is key to emotions?
Limbic System
66
What are the 5 primary structures of the limbic system?
```
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Septum
```
67
Which brain structure is linked to the autonomic and endocrine systems?
Limbic System
68
What is the function of the thalamus?
Sensory relay station for the brain
69
The thalamus links the brain for every sense except?
Smell
70
Schizophrenia is linked to abnormalities of what brain structure?
Thalamus
71
What is the key function of the hypothalamus?
Homeostasis (Fever, Feeding, Fighting, Falling Asleep, Sex)
72
The superchiasmic nucleus is located in what brain structure?
Hypothalamus
73
What is the function of the superchiasmic nucleus?
Regulating the body's sleep-wake cycle
74
What is the primary function of the hippocampus?
Consolidating memory from short-term to long-term memory
75
What is the primary function of the amygdala?
Attaches emotional significance to sensory input. It plays an important role in the experience of fear, aggression, and emotional memory
76
What brain structure is primarily responsible for the startle response?
Amygdala
77
Which brain structure is linked to PTSD?
Amygdala
78
Destruction of the amygdala results in what syndrome?
Cluver-Bucy Syndrome
79
What is Cluver-Bucy Syndrome
Seen in monkeys that had their amygdala removed. Results in placidity, apathy, asexuality, and excessive eating
80
What is the role of the septum?
Decreasing aggression
81
Damage to the septum can result in what syndrome?
Rage Syndrome
82
What is the role of the Basal Ganglia?
Coordinating movement and posture
83
What are the 5 key structures of the basal ganglia?
```
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Substantia Nigra
Globus Palladus
Sub-thalamic Nucleus
```
84
Dysfunction of the basal ganglia results in what?
Too much or not enough movement (Huntington's, Parkinson's, Tourette's, OCD)
85
OCD is linked to dysfunction of what brain structure?
Basal Ganglia
86
Huntington's is linked to dysfunction of what brain structures?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
87
Symptoms of Huntington's
Choreiform movements-jerking or writhing movements
88
Symptoms of Parkinson's
Tremor, Rigidity, Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
89
Parkinson's is linked to dysfunction of what brain structure?
Substantia Nigra
90
What is the key function of the cerebellum?
Providing Excitatory input that is responsible for maintaining movement or motor activity; controls the ability to adjust your posture and muscle tone
91
Damage to the cerebellum results in?
Ataxia, problems with posture, problems with gait, incorrect timing with muscles, vertigo, inability to reach out and grab objects, difficulty with rapid movements
92
Ataxia
Lack of coordination of voluntary movement without weakness or sensory loss
93
There are how many cranial nerves?
12
94
How many cranial nerves begin in the brain stem?
10
95
What are the 3 key structures of the brain stem?
Pons
Medulla
Reticular Formation
96
Cranial Nerve #12 is also known as?
Hypoglossal Nerve
97
Damage to the hypoglossal nerve results in?
Problems of articulation
98
What are the primary functions of the reticular formation?
Awareness, attention, and sleep
99
The Reticular Activating System is located in which brain structure?
Reticular Formation
100
What is the function of the RAS?
Mediates alertness; Projects into the hypothalamus to regulate the sleep/wake cycle
101
What are the key functions of the brain stem?
Sleep
Respiration
Movement
Cardiovascular Activity
102
Damage to the brain stem often results in?
Death
103
What is a conduction aphasia?
Lesions between the pathways connecting the expressive and receptive speech areas
104
How is a conduction aphasia different from Wernicke's aphasia?
People with conduction aphasias can follow commends
105
What is a global aphasia?
Widespread damage to the language areas the result in problems with fluecy, comprehension, repetition, and naming
106
What is anomic aphasia?
Difficulty recalling words or names
107
What are the 3 types of transcortical aphasias?
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Transcortical Mixed Aphasia
108
Which transcortical aphasia is most similar to Broca's aphasia?
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
109
Which transcortical aphasia is most similar to Wernicke's aphasia?
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
110
Which transcortical aphasia is most similar to Global aphasias?
Transcortical Mixed Aphasia
111
How are transcortical aphasias different than Broca's and Wernicke's aphasias?
Individuals with transcortical aphasias can repeat phrases said to them, but cannot say these phases spontaneously
112
What is an apraxia?
The inability to carry out voluntary purposeful motor movements even though there are no motor or sensory deficits.
113
What are agnosias?
Loss of the ability to recognize a specific sensory stimuli even though there is nothing wrong with the sense itself
114
Anosagnosia
Lack of awareness that you have a problem
115
Prosopagnosia
The inability to recognize familiar faces
116
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of pre-existing memories
117
Which memories are most affected by retrograde amnesia?
Recent Autobiographical memories
118
Which memories are least affected by retrograde amnesia?
Remote semantic (factual) memories
119
Anterograde Amnesia
Lost of the ability to create or form new memories
120
Which brain structure is implicated in anterograde amnesia?
Hippocampus
