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EPPP Audio > Biological Basis of Behavior-Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Biological Basis of Behavior-Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of sensory neurons?

A

To bring information in the central nervous system

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2
Q

What is another name for Efferent neurons?

A

Motor Neurons

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3
Q

What is the role of motor (efferent) neurons?

A

To carry information away from the central nervous system to various muscles and glands

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4
Q

Names of the Cervical Vertebrae

A

C1-C7

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5
Q

Names of the Thoracic Vertebrae

A

T1-T12

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6
Q

Names of the Back Vertebrae

A

L1-L5

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7
Q

Names of the Sacral Vertebrae

A

S1

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8
Q

What are the four spinal vertebrae in order from top to bottom?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Back
Sacral

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9
Q

What is Quadriplegia?

A

Paralysis of all limbs

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10
Q

Severing the spinal cord between C1-C5 results in?

A

Quadriplegia

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11
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Inability to move one’s legs

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12
Q

Severing the spinal cord between C6 or C7 results in?

A

Paraplegia and partial paralysis of the arms

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13
Q

Severing the spinal cord at T1 or below results in?

A

Paraplegia

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14
Q

What is paresis?

A

Weakness in one or more limbs

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15
Q

Incomplete severation of the spinal cord in any location results in?

A

Paresis

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16
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem

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17
Q

Which part of the brain is least developed at birth?

A

Cortex

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18
Q

What are the Gyri?

A

The fold of the brain. They add cortical surface area to the brain.

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19
Q

What is the outer surface area of the brain called?

A

Cortex

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20
Q

The cerebrum consists of what 2 areas?

A

Cortical and Subcortical areas

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21
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

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22
Q

Which lobe is the largest?

A

Frontal Lobe

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23
Q

The Frontal Lobe contains what 3 divisions?

A

Prefrontal Cortex
Pre-Motor Area
Motor Area

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24
Q

What are the functions of the Prefrontal Cortex?

A 
Personality
Emotionality
Cognitive Flexibility
Task Initiation
Abstract Thinking
Judgment
Planning
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25
Q

What is the function of the Pre-Motor Area?

A

Planning Movement

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26
Q

What is the function of the Motor Area?

A

Initiating Movement

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27
Q

Where in the brain would you find Broca’s Area?

A

Left frontal lobe

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28
Q

What is Broca’s Area

A

Controls the muscles involved in speech production

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29
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

The inability to express language

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30
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Processing Somatosensory Information (ie. pain, heat, proprioception)

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31
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Identifying one’s location in space (ie. the ability to understand where your body is, even with your eyes closed)

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32
Q

What are the functions of the right parietal lobe?

A

Directing attention and visual-spatial skills

Overlearned motor and linguistic routines (ie. reading, writing, naming objects)

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33
Q

Anomia

A

Difficulty naming objects

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34
Q

Agnosia

A

Difficulty recognizing things

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35
Q

Agraphia

A

Difficulty writing

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36
Q

Alexia

A

Difficulty reading

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37
Q

Acalculia

A

Difficulty with math

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38
Q

A stroke in the right parietal lobe can result in?

A

anomia, agnosia, agraphia, alexia, acalculia, difficulty distinguishing left from right, difficulty with hand-eye coordination, and difficulty recognizing body parts

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39
Q

Symptoms of Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A

Agraphia, acalculia, left/right disorientation, finger agnosia

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40
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome is a result of a stroke in what part of the brain?

A

Left Parietal Lobe

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41
Q

A stroke in the left parietal lobe can result in?

A

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

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42
Q

What structures are found in the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory cortex and connections to the limbic system

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43
Q

What are the functions of the left temporal lobe?

A

Verbal Memory

Language Comprehension

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44
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Left Temporal Lobe

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45
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s area results in?

A

Difficulty understanding speech

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46
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Processing and understanding speech

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47
Q

What is the function of the right temporal lobe?

A

Visual Memory

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48
Q

Damage to the right temporal lobe results in?

A

Increased Aggressive Behavior
Change in Sexual Behavior
Memory Difficulties
Problems Understanding Speech

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49
Q

What structure is located in the occipital lobe?

A

Primary Visual Cortex

50
Q

Which lobe of the brain is least likely to be damaged?

A

Occipital Lobe

51
Q

Damage to the Occipital lobe results in?

A

Difficulty recognizing drawn objects
Difficulty identifying colors
Hallucinations or delusions
Difficulty recognizing words

52
Q

What are Sulci?

A

Grooves that separate the lobes

53
Q

The Central Sulcus separates which lobes?

A

Frontal and Parietal Lobes

54
Q

The Lateral Sulcus separates which lobes?

A

Temporal Lobes from the Frontal/Parietal Lobes

55
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant in most people?

A

Left

56
Q

What are the primary functions of the left hemisphere?

A

Language and Motor Control
Verbal Memory
Rational/Analytical/Logical/Abstract Thinking

57
Q

Language is controlled by which part of the brain?

A

Left Hemisphere

58
Q

Which part of the brain controls rational, analytical, logical, and abstract thinking?

A

Left Hemisphere

59
Q

Damage to the left hemisphere results in?

A

Language disorders, aphasia, agraphia, anomia, motor disturbances, and apraxias

60
Q

What are the two main functions of the left hemisphere?

A

Language and Logic

61
Q

What are the primary functions of the right hemisphere?

A

Art, perception, visual-spatial abilities, intuition, concept of body image, ability to comprehend and express visual-facial-verbal emotion

62
Q

Damage to the right hemisphere can result in?

A

Left side hemi-neglect, prosopagnosia, agnosias for musical sound, affective abnormalities including abnormal sexual behavior

63
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize the faces of familiar people

64
Q

What is the function of the corpus collosum?

A

To allow the left and right hemispheres to communicate with one another

65
Q

Which brain structure is key to emotions?

A

Limbic System

66
Q

What are the 5 primary structures of the limbic system?

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Septum
67
Q

Which brain structure is linked to the autonomic and endocrine systems?

A

Limbic System

68
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station for the brain

69
Q

The thalamus links the brain for every sense except?

A

Smell

70
Q

Schizophrenia is linked to abnormalities of what brain structure?

A

Thalamus

71
Q

What is the key function of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis (Fever, Feeding, Fighting, Falling Asleep, Sex)

72
Q

The superchiasmic nucleus is located in what brain structure?

A

Hypothalamus

73
Q

What is the function of the superchiasmic nucleus?

A

Regulating the body’s sleep-wake cycle

74
Q

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

A

Consolidating memory from short-term to long-term memory

75
Q

What is the primary function of the amygdala?

A

Attaches emotional significance to sensory input. It plays an important role in the experience of fear, aggression, and emotional memory

76
Q

What brain structure is primarily responsible for the startle response?

A

Amygdala

77
Q

Which brain structure is linked to PTSD?

A

Amygdala

78
Q

Destruction of the amygdala results in what syndrome?

A

Cluver-Bucy Syndrome

79
Q

What is Cluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Seen in monkeys that had their amygdala removed. Results in placidity, apathy, asexuality, and excessive eating

80
Q

What is the role of the septum?

A

Decreasing aggression

81
Q

Damage to the septum can result in what syndrome?

A

Rage Syndrome

82
Q

What is the role of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Coordinating movement and posture

83
Q

What are the 5 key structures of the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Substantia Nigra
Globus Palladus
Sub-thalamic Nucleus
84
Q

Dysfunction of the basal ganglia results in what?

A

Too much or not enough movement (Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, Tourette’s, OCD)

85
Q

OCD is linked to dysfunction of what brain structure?

A

Basal Ganglia

86
Q

Huntington’s is linked to dysfunction of what brain structures?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

87
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s

A

Choreiform movements-jerking or writhing movements

88
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

Tremor, Rigidity, Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)

89
Q

Parkinson’s is linked to dysfunction of what brain structure?

A

Substantia Nigra

90
Q

What is the key function of the cerebellum?

A

Providing Excitatory input that is responsible for maintaining movement or motor activity; controls the ability to adjust your posture and muscle tone

91
Q

Damage to the cerebellum results in?

A

Ataxia, problems with posture, problems with gait, incorrect timing with muscles, vertigo, inability to reach out and grab objects, difficulty with rapid movements

92
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of coordination of voluntary movement without weakness or sensory loss

93
Q

There are how many cranial nerves?

A

12

94
Q

How many cranial nerves begin in the brain stem?

A

10

95
Q

What are the 3 key structures of the brain stem?

A

Pons
Medulla
Reticular Formation

96
Q

Cranial Nerve #12 is also known as?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

97
Q

Damage to the hypoglossal nerve results in?

A

Problems of articulation

98
Q

What are the primary functions of the reticular formation?

A

Awareness, attention, and sleep

99
Q

The Reticular Activating System is located in which brain structure?

A

Reticular Formation

100
Q

What is the function of the RAS?

A

Mediates alertness; Projects into the hypothalamus to regulate the sleep/wake cycle

101
Q

What are the key functions of the brain stem?

A

Sleep
Respiration
Movement
Cardiovascular Activity

102
Q

Damage to the brain stem often results in?

A

Death

103
Q

What is a conduction aphasia?

A

Lesions between the pathways connecting the expressive and receptive speech areas

104
Q

How is a conduction aphasia different from Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

People with conduction aphasias can follow commends

105
Q

What is a global aphasia?

A

Widespread damage to the language areas the result in problems with fluecy, comprehension, repetition, and naming

106
Q

What is anomic aphasia?

A

Difficulty recalling words or names

107
Q

What are the 3 types of transcortical aphasias?

A

Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Transcortical Mixed Aphasia

108
Q

Which transcortical aphasia is most similar to Broca’s aphasia?

A

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

109
Q

Which transcortical aphasia is most similar to Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

110
Q

Which transcortical aphasia is most similar to Global aphasias?

A

Transcortical Mixed Aphasia

111
Q

How are transcortical aphasias different than Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasias?

A

Individuals with transcortical aphasias can repeat phrases said to them, but cannot say these phases spontaneously

112
Q

What is an apraxia?

A

The inability to carry out voluntary purposeful motor movements even though there are no motor or sensory deficits.

113
Q

What are agnosias?

A

Loss of the ability to recognize a specific sensory stimuli even though there is nothing wrong with the sense itself

114
Q

Anosagnosia

A

Lack of awareness that you have a problem

115
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

The inability to recognize familiar faces

116
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of pre-existing memories

117
Q

Which memories are most affected by retrograde amnesia?

A

Recent Autobiographical memories

118
Q

Which memories are least affected by retrograde amnesia?

A

Remote semantic (factual) memories

119
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Lost of the ability to create or form new memories

120
Q

Which brain structure is implicated in anterograde amnesia?

A

Hippocampus

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