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Learning Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for “conditioning.”

A

Learning

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2
Q

One of the key differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in classically conditioned we learn based on things being __________

A

Paired

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3
Q

In operant conditioning we learn based on ___________

A

Reward and Punishment

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4
Q

What types of behaviors can be classically conditioned?

A

Automatic (Involuntary) Behaviors

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5
Q

What types of behaviors are operantly conditioned?

A

Purposeful and Effortful Behaviors

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6
Q

Respondant Conditioning is also known as ________

A

Classical Conditioning

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7
Q

Stimulus-Response Conditioning is also known as __________

A

Classical Conditioning

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8
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning is also known as ____________

A

Classical Conditioning

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9
Q

Which two psychologists are most known in the area of classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov and John Watson

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10
Q

Reflex

A

Something that happens automatically

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11
Q

Reflexes that are automatic and unlearned in response to a stimulus

A

Unconditioned Reflexes (Response)

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12
Q

If a stimulus produces an unconditioned response, what type of stimulus is it?

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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13
Q

A reflex/response that has been learned and does not occur spontaneously

A

Conditioned Responses

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14
Q

A conditioned response occurs in response to what type of stimulus?

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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15
Q

How do you know if a reflex is unconditioned?

A

Every member of the species will respond to the stimulus in the same way

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16
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

A stimulus that has no affect on an animal’s/individual’s behavior.

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17
Q

When does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?

A

When the subject provides a conditioned response to the stimulus.

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18
Q

Is the UR or CR stronger?

A

UR

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19
Q

A client has a shoe fetish. What is the shoe?

A. US
B. CS
C. UR
D. CR
E. Neutral Stimulus
A

Conditioned Stimulus

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20
Q

Should the US occur before or after the presentation of the neutral stimulus?

A

After

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21
Q

Contiguity

A

Close in Time

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22
Q

Contingency

A

Something depends upon another

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23
Q

Does contiguity or contingency create classical conditioning?

A

Contingency

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24
Q

Standard Pairing/Delayed Conditioning

A

NS-US-UR; CS-CR

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25
Trace Conditioning
The CS occurs long before the US, but stops right before the US
26
Temporal Conditioning
When a US is presented at a repeated time interval. The neutral stimulus is time.
27
Simultaneous Conditioning
NS and US occur at the same time. This will not produce classical conditioning.
28
Backwards Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus then Neutral Stimulus. This will not produce a conditioned response.
29
Stimulus Generalization (Classical Conditioning)
When something similar to the CS is presented and also elicits the CR. Requires no pairing.
30
Higher Order Conditioning
Deliberately pairing the CS with a new Neutral Stimulus. This new neutral stimulus will then elicit the CR.
31
In higher order conditioning, will the CS1 or CS2 elicit a stronger response?
CS1
32
What is the difference between stimulus generalization and higher order conditioning?
Higher Order Conditioning requires the pairing of stimuli whereas stimulus generalization requires similar stimuli.
33
Extinction
Eliminating a CR to a CS
34
How do you extinguish a CR?
Present the CS without the US
35
What type of psychological treatment is based on classical conditioning?
Flooding
36
What is spontaneous recovery?
When you've extinguished a CR, but the CR briefly returns for a bit after a short period of time.
37
Stimulus Discrimination
Conditioning the response to occur only to a specific stimulus, and not similar stimuli (ex. a specific tone, but not others)
38
Experimental Neurosis
When 2 stimuli are so close in nature, but only one is paired with the CR, and the subject cannot tell the different between which will elicit the response.
39
Pseudo-Conditioning
False Conditioning. When accidental pairing occurs and there is a CR.
40
Habituation
Always involves the US. After repeated exposure to the US, it may not longer elicit a response.
41
Another name for Skinnerian Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
42
Another name for Instrumental Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
43
Which two psychologists are best known for Operant Conditioning?
BF Skinner; Thorndike
44
What is Thorndike known for?
Law of Effect
45
Law of Effect
We initially engage in random behaviors. Random behaviors that are rewarded will happen more often.
46
Acquisition Phase of Operant Conditioning
Learning a new behavior
47
Extinction Phase of Operant Conditioning
Stopping a behavior
48
Operant Strength
How strong your behavior is (how often you do a behavior)
49
Operant strength depends on _________
Schedules of Reinforcement
50
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing every time a behavior is done
51
Which schedule of reinforcement is best for learning a new behavior?
Continuous Reinforcement
52
Satiation
Results from too much reinforcement; The reinforcer loses value
53
Thinning
Switching from Continuous to Intermittent Reinforcement
54
Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
Reinforcer is provided after a specific period of time and the time interval stays the same
55
Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Reinforcer is provided after a specific number of times the behavior occurs and the number stays the same
56
Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
Reinforcer is provided after random periods of time
57
Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Reinforcer is provided after random number of times a behavior occurs
58
Put the 4 schedules of reinforcement in order of strength from strongest to weakest
1. Variable Ratio 2. Fixed Ratio 3. Variable Interval 4. Fixed Interval
59
Scalloped Responses occur during which reinforcement schedules?
Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval
60
What is a Scalloped Response?
This happens in a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. When you know you will get reinforced after a certain number of occurrences of a behavior (or amount of time), you will often take a short break after the reinforcement before starting again.
61
Which reinforcement schedule will show the most scalloped responses?
Fixed Intervalj
62
How does extinction occur during operant conditioning?
Stop reinforcing the behavior
63
Response Burst
When you stop reinforcing the behavior, it will increase before declining
64
Response Burst is to Operant Conditioning as _________ is to Classical Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
65
Spontaneous Recovery is to Classical Conditioning as _____________ is to Operant Conditioning
Response Burst
66
Superstitious Behavior is associated with what type of Conditioning?
Operant Conditioning; Something has been non-contingently reinforced
67
Non-contingent Reinforcement results in _____________
Superstitious Behavior
68
Discrimination Learning
Learn to discriminate that in some situations you are reinforced, and in others you are not.
69
Discriminative Stimulus
Let's us know that in this situation the behavior will be reinforced
70
Stimulus Generalization (Operant Conditioning)
When you generalize one situation for which you are reinforced to other situations similar to the original.
71
Prompting
Giving a subject a cue about what they should be doing for reinforcement
72
Shaping
Guiding behaviors towards an eventual end behavioral goal using smaller behavioral steps
73
Successive Approximation
Small successive behavior steps used in shaping
74
Chaining
Using small reinforcers to reward each individual behavioral step in a multi-step process with a big reward at the end. Additionally, each behavioral step serves as a cue for the next step.
75
Premack Principle
Using a high frequency behavior to reinforce a low frequency behavior
76
Reinforcer Relativity refers to the _________
Premack Principle
77
Behavioral Contrast
Occurs when you start with two activities that have been equally reinforced, but you stop reinforcing one of the two activities. The reinforced activity will increase even if the reinforcement schedule remains the same.
78
How does learning occur in social learning theory?
Through observation and modeling
79
The Theory of Observational Learning is also known as ______________
Social Learning Theory
80
Who is best known for Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura
81
Reciprocal Determinism
There's an interaction between the person, the behavior, and their environment all influencing one another
82
4 Steps of Social Learning Theory
1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Production 4. Motivation
83
Avoidance Conditioning
If you do a behavior on time, you can avoid an aversive response
84
Escape Conditioning
The aversive response happens, but if you do the behavior, you can get it to stop
85
What is the difference between avoidance conditioning and escape conditioning?
In escape conditioning the aversive response occurs, but in avoidance conditioning you can avoid the aversive response all together

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