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EPPP Audio > Learning Theory > Flashcards

Learning Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for “conditioning.”

A

Learning

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2
Q

One of the key differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in classically conditioned we learn based on things being __________

A

Paired

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3
Q

In operant conditioning we learn based on ___________

A

Reward and Punishment

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4
Q

What types of behaviors can be classically conditioned?

A

Automatic (Involuntary) Behaviors

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5
Q

What types of behaviors are operantly conditioned?

A

Purposeful and Effortful Behaviors

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6
Q

Respondant Conditioning is also known as ________

A

Classical Conditioning

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7
Q

Stimulus-Response Conditioning is also known as __________

A

Classical Conditioning

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8
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning is also known as ____________

A

Classical Conditioning

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9
Q

Which two psychologists are most known in the area of classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov and John Watson

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10
Q

Reflex

A

Something that happens automatically

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11
Q

Reflexes that are automatic and unlearned in response to a stimulus

A

Unconditioned Reflexes (Response)

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12
Q

If a stimulus produces an unconditioned response, what type of stimulus is it?

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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13
Q

A reflex/response that has been learned and does not occur spontaneously

A

Conditioned Responses

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14
Q

A conditioned response occurs in response to what type of stimulus?

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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15
Q

How do you know if a reflex is unconditioned?

A

Every member of the species will respond to the stimulus in the same way

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16
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

A stimulus that has no affect on an animal’s/individual’s behavior.

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17
Q

When does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?

A

When the subject provides a conditioned response to the stimulus.

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18
Q

Is the UR or CR stronger?

A

UR

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19
Q

A client has a shoe fetish. What is the shoe?

A. US
B. CS
C. UR
D. CR
E. Neutral Stimulus
A

Conditioned Stimulus

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20
Q

Should the US occur before or after the presentation of the neutral stimulus?

A

After

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21
Q

Contiguity

A

Close in Time

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22
Q

Contingency

A

Something depends upon another

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23
Q

Does contiguity or contingency create classical conditioning?

A

Contingency

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24
Q

Standard Pairing/Delayed Conditioning

A

NS-US-UR; CS-CR

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25
Q

Trace Conditioning

A

The CS occurs long before the US, but stops right before the US

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26
Q

Temporal Conditioning

A

When a US is presented at a repeated time interval. The neutral stimulus is time.

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27
Q

Simultaneous Conditioning

A

NS and US occur at the same time. This will not produce classical conditioning.

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28
Q

Backwards Conditioning

A

Unconditioned Stimulus then Neutral Stimulus. This will not produce a conditioned response.

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29
Q

Stimulus Generalization (Classical Conditioning)

A

When something similar to the CS is presented and also elicits the CR. Requires no pairing.

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30
Q

Higher Order Conditioning

A

Deliberately pairing the CS with a new Neutral Stimulus. This new neutral stimulus will then elicit the CR.

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31
Q

In higher order conditioning, will the CS1 or CS2 elicit a stronger response?

A

CS1

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32
Q

What is the difference between stimulus generalization and higher order conditioning?

A

Higher Order Conditioning requires the pairing of stimuli whereas stimulus generalization requires similar stimuli.

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33
Q

Extinction

A

Eliminating a CR to a CS

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34
Q

How do you extinguish a CR?

A

Present the CS without the US

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35
Q

What type of psychological treatment is based on classical conditioning?

A

Flooding

36
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

When you’ve extinguished a CR, but the CR briefly returns for a bit after a short period of time.

37
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Conditioning the response to occur only to a specific stimulus, and not similar stimuli (ex. a specific tone, but not others)

38
Q

Experimental Neurosis

A

When 2 stimuli are so close in nature, but only one is paired with the CR, and the subject cannot tell the different between which will elicit the response.

39
Q

Pseudo-Conditioning

A

False Conditioning. When accidental pairing occurs and there is a CR.

40
Q

Habituation

A

Always involves the US. After repeated exposure to the US, it may not longer elicit a response.

41
Q

Another name for Skinnerian Conditioning

A

Operant Conditioning

42
Q

Another name for Instrumental Conditioning

A

Operant Conditioning

43
Q

Which two psychologists are best known for Operant Conditioning?

A

BF Skinner; Thorndike

44
Q

What is Thorndike known for?

A

Law of Effect

45
Q

Law of Effect

A

We initially engage in random behaviors. Random behaviors that are rewarded will happen more often.

46
Q

Acquisition Phase of Operant Conditioning

A

Learning a new behavior

47
Q

Extinction Phase of Operant Conditioning

A

Stopping a behavior

48
Q

Operant Strength

A

How strong your behavior is (how often you do a behavior)

49
Q

Operant strength depends on _________

A

Schedules of Reinforcement

50
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing every time a behavior is done

51
Q

Which schedule of reinforcement is best for learning a new behavior?

A

Continuous Reinforcement

52
Q

Satiation

A

Results from too much reinforcement; The reinforcer loses value

53
Q

Thinning

A

Switching from Continuous to Intermittent Reinforcement

54
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

A

Reinforcer is provided after a specific period of time and the time interval stays the same

55
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

A

Reinforcer is provided after a specific number of times the behavior occurs and the number stays the same

56
Q

Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

A

Reinforcer is provided after random periods of time

57
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

A

Reinforcer is provided after random number of times a behavior occurs

58
Q

Put the 4 schedules of reinforcement in order of strength from strongest to weakest

A
  1. Variable Ratio
  2. Fixed Ratio
  3. Variable Interval
  4. Fixed Interval
59
Q

Scalloped Responses occur during which reinforcement schedules?

A

Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval

60
Q

What is a Scalloped Response?

A

This happens in a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. When you know you will get reinforced after a certain number of occurrences of a behavior (or amount of time), you will often take a short break after the reinforcement before starting again.

61
Q

Which reinforcement schedule will show the most scalloped responses?

A

Fixed Intervalj

62
Q

How does extinction occur during operant conditioning?

A

Stop reinforcing the behavior

63
Q

Response Burst

A

When you stop reinforcing the behavior, it will increase before declining

64
Q

Response Burst is to Operant Conditioning as _________ is to Classical Conditioning

A

Spontaneous Recovery

65
Q

Spontaneous Recovery is to Classical Conditioning as _____________ is to Operant Conditioning

A

Response Burst

66
Q

Superstitious Behavior is associated with what type of Conditioning?

A

Operant Conditioning; Something has been non-contingently reinforced

67
Q

Non-contingent Reinforcement results in _____________

A

Superstitious Behavior

68
Q

Discrimination Learning

A

Learn to discriminate that in some situations you are reinforced, and in others you are not.

69
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

Let’s us know that in this situation the behavior will be reinforced

70
Q

Stimulus Generalization (Operant Conditioning)

A

When you generalize one situation for which you are reinforced to other situations similar to the original.

71
Q

Prompting

A

Giving a subject a cue about what they should be doing for reinforcement

72
Q

Shaping

A

Guiding behaviors towards an eventual end behavioral goal using smaller behavioral steps

73
Q

Successive Approximation

A

Small successive behavior steps used in shaping

74
Q

Chaining

A

Using small reinforcers to reward each individual behavioral step in a multi-step process with a big reward at the end. Additionally, each behavioral step serves as a cue for the next step.

75
Q

Premack Principle

A

Using a high frequency behavior to reinforce a low frequency behavior

76
Q

Reinforcer Relativity refers to the _________

A

Premack Principle

77
Q

Behavioral Contrast

A

Occurs when you start with two activities that have been equally reinforced, but you stop reinforcing one of the two activities. The reinforced activity will increase even if the reinforcement schedule remains the same.

78
Q

How does learning occur in social learning theory?

A

Through observation and modeling

79
Q

The Theory of Observational Learning is also known as ______________

A

Social Learning Theory

80
Q

Who is best known for Social Learning Theory?

A

Albert Bandura

81
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

There’s an interaction between the person, the behavior, and their environment all influencing one another

82
Q

4 Steps of Social Learning Theory

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Production
  4. Motivation
83
Q

Avoidance Conditioning

A

If you do a behavior on time, you can avoid an aversive response

84
Q

Escape Conditioning

A

The aversive response happens, but if you do the behavior, you can get it to stop

85
Q

What is the difference between avoidance conditioning and escape conditioning?

A

In escape conditioning the aversive response occurs, but in avoidance conditioning you can avoid the aversive response all together

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