Biological Basis of Behavior-Neurons, Neurotransmitters, and Medications Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of a neuron?
Dendrite
Cell Body
Axon
What is the “receiving body” of a neuron?
Dendrite
What is the “sending body” of a neuron?
Axon
Which part of the neuron contains DNA?
Cell Body
When a cell is at rest, what chemical is contained outside the cell?
Sodium
When a cell is at rest, what chemical is contained inside the cell?
Potassium
Neurotransmitter agnoist
Enhances the effect of the neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter Antagonist
Inhibits the effect of the neurotransmitter
What does acetylcholine control?
Voluntary Movement
Memory
Cognition
Acetylcholine is most prevalent in which brain structure?
Hippocampus
Alzheimer’s suggests a deficit of which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
What are the 2 chatecholamines?
Dopamine and Norepinephrine
What does Dopamine control?
Movement
Thinking
Emotion
Most street drugs mimic which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
The __________________ Hypothesis of Schizophrenia suggests that Schizophrenia results from an increase of this neurotransmitter
Dopamine
Traditional antipsychotics work in what way?
Dopamine antagonsist that block dopamine post-synaptic receptors
2nd Generation antipsychotics act on which two neurotransmitters?
Dopamine and Serotonin
Parkison’s is due to too little of which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
What drug is typically used to treat Parkinson’s?
L-Dopa
What does L-Dopa do?
Dopamine Agonist
Norepinephrine is involved in?
Mood
Pain
Sleep
Too little norepinephrine can result in?
Depression
Too much norephinephrine can result in?
Mania
Serotonin is involved in?
Mood Sleep Appetite Aggression Sexual Activity Pain Perception
Dysregulation of Serotonin can result in?
Suicidality
Impulsivity
What are the 3 Amino Acids?
GABA
Glycine
Glutamate
What effect does GABA have?
Calming
Anxiety is linked to a deficiency of what neurotransmitter?
GABA
What do GABA agonists treat?
Anxiety
What is the most common neurotransmitter in the brain?
Glutamate
Which neurotransmitter is linked to Schizophrenia, Autism, Depression, and OCD?
Glutamate
Long changes of amino acids are called?
Peptides
Endorphins are what type of neurotransmitter?
Peptides
Melzack and Wall developed what theory?
Gate Control Theory of Pain
What is the Gate Control Theory of Pain?
Melzack and Wall’s Theory. It states that our experience of pain is not directly related to activation of pain receptors. Instead, neural gates in the spinal cored mediate the signal. Either the gates allow the pain signals to make it to the brain or not. Various physical and psychological variables control the gates.
What is the Centralization of Pain Theory?
This theory posits that pain is affected by memory of previous pain. If you have a history of being exposed to frequent pain, you are more likely to experience plain. When considering the neuroplasticity of our brain, it can change in response to frequent pain signals so that it response more quickly to new pain signals with a lower threshold.
What are two theories of pain?
Gate Control Theory of Pain and Centralization of Pain Theory
How many stages of sleep are there?
5
What type of waves dominate during Stage 1 Sleep?
Beta Waves
What brain function is exhibited during Stage 2 Sleep?
Sleep Spindles
What type of wave dominates Stage 3 Sleep?
Delta Waves
What type of wave dominates Stage 4 Sleep?
Delta Waves
What types of brain waves are associated with alertness?
Beta Waves
What type of brain waves are associated with relaxation?
Alpha Waves
What biological occurrences happen during Stage 2 Sleep?
Temperature and Heart Rate Decrease
What biological occurrences happen during Stage 3 and 4 Sleep?
Heart Rate and Respiration Slow Down, but body remains toned
What happens during Stage 5 sleep?
Also known as REM sleep, Stage 5 Sleep is dominated by rapid eye movements. It’s known as paradoxical sleep, because during this phase respiration, heart rate, and brain waves increase, but the body becomes less toned and more relaxed. This is when dreaming typically occurs.
On a typical night, which sleep stages are more frequent during the beginning of the night?
Deep Sleep ( Stages 3 and 4)
On a typical night, which sleep stage is more frequent at the end of the night?
REM sleep
How does sleep change as we age?
More frequent wakeups and less REM sleep
What type of sleep is physically restorative?
Non-REM sleep
What type of sleep is psychologically restorative?
REM sleep
What are some effects of sleep deprivation?
Impaired Memory Impaired Decision Making Disrupts Metabolism Impaired Concentration Increased Stress Hormones
What are two types of generalized seizures?
Tonic/Clonic (Grand Mal) Absense Seizures (Petit Mal)
What is the difference between generalized seizures and partial seizures?
Generalized seizures occur throughout the brain and always involve a lack of consciousness. Partial seizures only affect a single area of the brain and often the person does not lose consciousness.
What is a Tonic/Clonic Seizure?
Tonic=Stiffening
Clonic=Jerking Movements
What is an Absense Seizure?
Very brief loss of consciousness without loss of posture. It often looks like the person is daydreaming and they will immediately return to pre-seizure activity without issue
At what age are absense seizures most common?
Before age 5
What is a simple partial seizure?
When the person has a seizure in one specific area of their brain and the person maintains alertness and consciousness.
What is a Jacksonian seizure?
A simple partial frontal lob seizure which initially affects one small part of the body (such as a finger) but then gives the impression that the seizing part is marching up towards the rest of the body.
What is a complex partial seizure?
A seizure in one specific area of the brain that causes the person to lose alertness and consciousness. It may involve automatism and is frequently proceeded by an aura
What is automatism?
Involuntary purposeless behavior such as lip smacking, fidgeting, or aimless walking
What type of seizure is typically caused by temporal lobe epilepsy?
Complex Partial Seizure
What is another term for neuroleptics?
First generation antipsychothics
What are some examples of First Generation Antipsychotics?
Thorazine/Chlorpromazine
Prolixin (Fluphenazine)
Haldol (Haloperidol)
Type: Thorazine
First Generation Antipsychotic
Type: Chlorpormazine
First Generation Antipsychotic
Type: Prolixin
First Generation Antipsychotic
Type: Fluphenazine
First Generation Antipsychotic
Type: Haldol
First Generation Antipsychotic
Generic Name for Thorazine
Chlorpromazine
Generic Name for Prolixin
Fluphenazine
Generic Name for Haldol
Haloperidol
Brand name for Chlorpromazine
Thorazine
Brand name for Fluphenazine
Prolixin
Brand name for Haloperidol
Haldol
Another name for Second Generation Antipsychotics?
Atypical Antipsychotics
Name some Atypical Antipsychotics
Abilify/Aripiprazole Clozaril/Clozapine Geodon/Ziprasidone Risperdal/Risperidone Seroquel/Quetiapine Zyprexa/Olanzapine
Type: Abilify
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Clozaril
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Geodon
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Risperdal
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Seroquel
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Zyprexa
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Aripiprazole
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Clozapine
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Ziprasidone
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Risperidone
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Quetiapine
Atypical Antipsychotic
Type: Olanzapine
Atypical Antipsychotic
Generic name for Abilify
Aripiprazole
Generic name for Clozaril
Clozapine
Generic name for Geodon
Ziprasidone
Generic name for Riperdal
Risperidone
Generic name for Seroquel
Quetiapine
Generic name for Zyprexa
Olanzapine
Brand name for Aripiprazole
Abilify