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EPPP Audio > Biological Basis of Behavior-Neurons, Neurotransmitters, and Medications > Flashcards

Biological Basis of Behavior-Neurons, Neurotransmitters, and Medications Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrite
Cell Body
Axon

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2
Q

What is the “receiving body” of a neuron?

A

Dendrite

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3
Q

What is the “sending body” of a neuron?

A

Axon

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4
Q

Which part of the neuron contains DNA?

A

Cell Body

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5
Q

When a cell is at rest, what chemical is contained outside the cell?

A

Sodium

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6
Q

When a cell is at rest, what chemical is contained inside the cell?

A

Potassium

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7
Q

Neurotransmitter agnoist

A

Enhances the effect of the neurotransmitter

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8
Q

Neurotransmitter Antagonist

A

Inhibits the effect of the neurotransmitter

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9
Q

What does acetylcholine control?

A

Voluntary Movement
Memory
Cognition

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10
Q

Acetylcholine is most prevalent in which brain structure?

A

Hippocampus

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11
Q

Alzheimer’s suggests a deficit of which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What are the 2 chatecholamines?

A

Dopamine and Norepinephrine

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13
Q

What does Dopamine control?

A

Movement
Thinking
Emotion

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14
Q

Most street drugs mimic which neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

The __________________ Hypothesis of Schizophrenia suggests that Schizophrenia results from an increase of this neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

Traditional antipsychotics work in what way?

A

Dopamine antagonsist that block dopamine post-synaptic receptors

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17
Q

2nd Generation antipsychotics act on which two neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine and Serotonin

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18
Q

Parkison’s is due to too little of which neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

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19
Q

What drug is typically used to treat Parkinson’s?

A

L-Dopa

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20
Q

What does L-Dopa do?

A

Dopamine Agonist

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21
Q

Norepinephrine is involved in?

A

Mood
Pain
Sleep

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22
Q

Too little norepinephrine can result in?

A

Depression

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23
Q

Too much norephinephrine can result in?

A

Mania

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24
Q

Serotonin is involved in?

A 
Mood
Sleep
Appetite
Aggression
Sexual Activity
Pain Perception
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25
Q

Dysregulation of Serotonin can result in?

A

Suicidality

Impulsivity

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26
Q

What are the 3 Amino Acids?

A

GABA
Glycine
Glutamate

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27
Q

What effect does GABA have?

A

Calming

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28
Q

Anxiety is linked to a deficiency of what neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

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29
Q

What do GABA agonists treat?

A

Anxiety

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30
Q

What is the most common neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate

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31
Q

Which neurotransmitter is linked to Schizophrenia, Autism, Depression, and OCD?

A

Glutamate

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32
Q

Long changes of amino acids are called?

A

Peptides

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33
Q

Endorphins are what type of neurotransmitter?

A

Peptides

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34
Q

Melzack and Wall developed what theory?

A

Gate Control Theory of Pain

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35
Q

What is the Gate Control Theory of Pain?

A

Melzack and Wall’s Theory. It states that our experience of pain is not directly related to activation of pain receptors. Instead, neural gates in the spinal cored mediate the signal. Either the gates allow the pain signals to make it to the brain or not. Various physical and psychological variables control the gates.

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36
Q

What is the Centralization of Pain Theory?

A

This theory posits that pain is affected by memory of previous pain. If you have a history of being exposed to frequent pain, you are more likely to experience plain. When considering the neuroplasticity of our brain, it can change in response to frequent pain signals so that it response more quickly to new pain signals with a lower threshold.

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37
Q

What are two theories of pain?

A

Gate Control Theory of Pain and Centralization of Pain Theory

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38
Q

How many stages of sleep are there?

A

5

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39
Q

What type of waves dominate during Stage 1 Sleep?

A

Beta Waves

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40
Q

What brain function is exhibited during Stage 2 Sleep?

A

Sleep Spindles

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41
Q

What type of wave dominates Stage 3 Sleep?

A

Delta Waves

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42
Q

What type of wave dominates Stage 4 Sleep?

A

Delta Waves

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43
Q

What types of brain waves are associated with alertness?

A

Beta Waves

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44
Q

What type of brain waves are associated with relaxation?

A

Alpha Waves

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45
Q

What biological occurrences happen during Stage 2 Sleep?

A

Temperature and Heart Rate Decrease

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46
Q

What biological occurrences happen during Stage 3 and 4 Sleep?

A

Heart Rate and Respiration Slow Down, but body remains toned

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47
Q

What happens during Stage 5 sleep?

A

Also known as REM sleep, Stage 5 Sleep is dominated by rapid eye movements. It’s known as paradoxical sleep, because during this phase respiration, heart rate, and brain waves increase, but the body becomes less toned and more relaxed. This is when dreaming typically occurs.

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48
Q

On a typical night, which sleep stages are more frequent during the beginning of the night?

A

Deep Sleep ( Stages 3 and 4)

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49
Q

On a typical night, which sleep stage is more frequent at the end of the night?

A

REM sleep

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50
Q

How does sleep change as we age?

A

More frequent wakeups and less REM sleep

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51
Q

What type of sleep is physically restorative?

A

Non-REM sleep

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52
Q

What type of sleep is psychologically restorative?

A

REM sleep

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53
Q

What are some effects of sleep deprivation?

A 
Impaired Memory
Impaired Decision Making
Disrupts Metabolism
Impaired Concentration
Increased Stress Hormones
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54
Q

What are two types of generalized seizures?

A 
Tonic/Clonic (Grand Mal)
Absense Seizures (Petit Mal)
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55
Q

What is the difference between generalized seizures and partial seizures?

A

Generalized seizures occur throughout the brain and always involve a lack of consciousness. Partial seizures only affect a single area of the brain and often the person does not lose consciousness.

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56
Q

What is a Tonic/Clonic Seizure?

A

Tonic=Stiffening

Clonic=Jerking Movements

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57
Q

What is an Absense Seizure?

A

Very brief loss of consciousness without loss of posture. It often looks like the person is daydreaming and they will immediately return to pre-seizure activity without issue

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58
Q

At what age are absense seizures most common?

A

Before age 5

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59
Q

What is a simple partial seizure?

A

When the person has a seizure in one specific area of their brain and the person maintains alertness and consciousness.

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60
Q

What is a Jacksonian seizure?

A

A simple partial frontal lob seizure which initially affects one small part of the body (such as a finger) but then gives the impression that the seizing part is marching up towards the rest of the body.

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61
Q

What is a complex partial seizure?

A

A seizure in one specific area of the brain that causes the person to lose alertness and consciousness. It may involve automatism and is frequently proceeded by an aura

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62
Q

What is automatism?

A

Involuntary purposeless behavior such as lip smacking, fidgeting, or aimless walking

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63
Q

What type of seizure is typically caused by temporal lobe epilepsy?

A

Complex Partial Seizure

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64
Q

What is another term for neuroleptics?

A

First generation antipsychothics

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65
Q

What are some examples of First Generation Antipsychotics?

A

Thorazine/Chlorpromazine
Prolixin (Fluphenazine)
Haldol (Haloperidol)

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66
Q

Type: Thorazine

A

First Generation Antipsychotic

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67
Q

Type: Chlorpormazine

A

First Generation Antipsychotic

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68
Q

Type: Prolixin

A

First Generation Antipsychotic

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69
Q

Type: Fluphenazine

A

First Generation Antipsychotic

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70
Q

Type: Haldol

A

First Generation Antipsychotic

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71
Q

Generic Name for Thorazine

A

Chlorpromazine

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72
Q

Generic Name for Prolixin

A

Fluphenazine

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73
Q

Generic Name for Haldol

A

Haloperidol

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74
Q

Brand name for Chlorpromazine

A

Thorazine

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75
Q

Brand name for Fluphenazine

A

Prolixin

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76
Q

Brand name for Haloperidol

A

Haldol

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77
Q

Another name for Second Generation Antipsychotics?

A

Atypical Antipsychotics

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78
Q

Name some Atypical Antipsychotics

A 
Abilify/Aripiprazole
Clozaril/Clozapine
Geodon/Ziprasidone
Risperdal/Risperidone
Seroquel/Quetiapine
Zyprexa/Olanzapine
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79
Q

Type: Abilify

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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80
Q

Type: Clozaril

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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81
Q

Type: Geodon

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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82
Q

Type: Risperdal

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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83
Q

Type: Seroquel

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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84
Q

Type: Zyprexa

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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85
Q

Type: Aripiprazole

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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86
Q

Type: Clozapine

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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87
Q

Type: Ziprasidone

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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88
Q

Type: Risperidone

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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89
Q

Type: Quetiapine

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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90
Q

Type: Olanzapine

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

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91
Q

Generic name for Abilify

A

Aripiprazole

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92
Q

Generic name for Clozaril

A

Clozapine

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93
Q

Generic name for Geodon

A

Ziprasidone

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94
Q

Generic name for Riperdal

A

Risperidone

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95
Q

Generic name for Seroquel

A

Quetiapine

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96
Q

Generic name for Zyprexa

A

Olanzapine

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97
Q

Brand name for Aripiprazole

A

Abilify

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98
Q

Brand name for Clozapine

A

Clozaril

99
Q

Brand name for Ziprasidone

A

Geodon

100
Q

Brand name for Risperidone

A

Risperdal

101
Q

Brand name for Quetiapine

A

Seroquel

102
Q

Brand name for Olanzapine

A

Zyprexa

103
Q

Why might atypical antipsychotics be preferred to first generation antipsychotics?

A

Less side effects

104
Q

Why might first generation antipsychotics be preferred to atypical antipsychotics?

A

Cheaper

105
Q

What is the agent of change for antipsychotics?

A

They are dopamine antagonists that block post-synaptic dopamine receptors.

106
Q

What are some factors related to better treatment outcomes for Schizophrenia?

A 
Later age of onset
More acute onset
Higher pre-morbid functioning
Anxiety/Affective Concerns
Systematized Focused Delusions
Existence of precipitating factors
Being married
Having a family history of mood disorders without a history of Schizophrenia
107
Q

Other than Schizophrenia, what might antipsychotics be used for?

A

PTSD
Majore Depression
Autism
Tourette’s

108
Q

What are some side effects for all antipsychotics?

A 
Sedation/Drowsiness
Orthostatic Hypertension
Anticholinergic Side Effects
Weight Gain
Sexual Dysfunction
109
Q

What are anti-cholinergic side effects?

A 
Dry Mouth
Constipation
Dry Eyes
Confusion
Decreased Memory
110
Q

What are some side effects of Typical Antipsychotics?

A

Extra Pyramidal Symptoms including Tardive Dyskinesia, Parkinsonism, Dystonia, and Akathisia

111
Q

What might be prescribed to help manage the extra-pyramidal symptoms caused by first generation antipsychotics?

A

Anti-cholinergic agents

112
Q

What are some side effects of atypical antipsychotics?

A

Significant Weight Gain
Decreased Metabolism
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

113
Q

Which antipsychotic is associated with higher risk for agranulocytosis?

A

Clozaril

114
Q

Do antipsychotics create dependence?

A

No

115
Q

Can antipsychotics lead to withdrawal when stopped?

A

Only at high doses

116
Q

Is an overdose of antipsychotics lethal?

A

Generally Not

117
Q

What are the categories of Anti-Depressants?

A

SSRI’s/SNRI’s
Tricyclics
MAOI’s
Others

118
Q

Type: Prozac

A

SSRI

119
Q

Type: Zoloft

A

SSRI

120
Q

Type: Paxil

A

SSRI

121
Q

Type: Effexor

A

SNRI

122
Q

Type: Fluoxetine

A

SSRI

123
Q

Type: Sertraline

A

SSRI

124
Q

Type: Paroxetine

A

SSRI

125
Q

Type: Venlafaxine

A

SNRI

126
Q

Brand name for Fluoxetine

A

Prozac

127
Q

Brand name for Sertraline

A

Zoloft

128
Q

Brand name for Paroxetine

A

Paxil

129
Q

Brand name for Venlafaxine

A

Effexor

130
Q

Generic name for Prozac

A

Fluoxetine

131
Q

Generic name for Zoloft

A

Sertraline

132
Q

Generic name for Paxil

A

Paroxetine

133
Q

Generic name for Effexor

A

Venlafaxine

134
Q

Type: Tofranil

A

Tricyclic

135
Q

Type: Pamelor

A

Tricyclic

136
Q

Type: Amitriptyline

A

Tricyclic

137
Q

Type: Imipramine

A

Tricyclic

138
Q

Type: Nortriptyline

A

Tricyclic

139
Q

Generic Name for Tofranil

A

Imipramine

140
Q

Generic Name for Pamelor

A

Nortriptyline

141
Q

Brand Name for Imipramine

A

Tofranil

142
Q

Brand Name for Nortriptyline

A

Pamelor

143
Q

What are the pros and cons of Tricyclic Anti-Depressants?

A

They can be very effective, but there are more side effects and they are more likely to be fatal when overdosed.

144
Q

Type: Doxepin

A

Tricyclic

145
Q

What is the oldest form of Anti-Depressant?

A

MAOI’s

146
Q

What are some examples of SSRI’s/SNRI’s?

A

Prozac/Fluoxetine
Zoloft/Sertraline
Paxil/Paroxetine
Effexor/Venlafaxine

147
Q

What are some examples of Tricyclic Anti-Depressants?

A

Tofranil/Imipramine
Pamelor/Nortriptyline
Amitriptyline
Doxepin

148
Q

What are some examples of MAOI’s?

A

Nardil/Phenelzine

Parnate/Tranylcypromine

149
Q

Type: Nardil

A

MAOI

150
Q

Type: Phenelzine

A

MAOI

151
Q

Type: Parnate

A

MAOI

152
Q

Type: Tranylcypromine

A

MAOI

153
Q

Generic Name for Nardil

A

Phenelzine

154
Q

Generic Name for Parnate

A

Tranylcypromine

155
Q

Brand Name for Phenelzine

A

Nardil

156
Q

Brand Name for Tranylcypromine

A

Parnate

157
Q

What type of psychotropic medication has serious interactions with food and other medications?

A

MAOI’s

158
Q

Type: Wellbutrin

A

Anti-Depressant

159
Q

Type: Remeron

A

Anti-Depressant

160
Q

Type: Desyrel

A

Anti-Depressant

161
Q

Type: Bupropion

A

Anti-Depressant

162
Q

Type: Mirtazapine

A

Anti-Depressant

163
Q

Type: Trazodone

A

Anti-Depressant

164
Q

Generic Name for Wellbutrin

A

Bupropion

165
Q

Generic Name for Mirtazapine

A

Remeron

166
Q

Brand Name for Trazodone

A

Desyrel

167
Q

Generic Name for Desyrel

A

Trazodone

168
Q

Brand Name for Mirtazapine

A

Remeron

169
Q

Brand Name for Pupropion

A

Wellbutrin

170
Q

What are some side effects of SSRI’s/SNRI’s?

A 
Headache
Restlessness
Insomnia
Sexual Dysfunction
GI Symptoms
Black Box Risk
171
Q

What are some side effects of Tricyclic Anti-Depressants?

A 
Anticholinergic Effects
Sedation
Weight Gain
Nausea
Heart Disease
High Blood Pressure
Seizures
172
Q

Side Effects of MAOI’s?

A

Hypertension
Insomnia
Tyramine Induced Hypertensive Crisis
Serotonin Syndrome if taken with SSRI’s

173
Q

Do Anti-Depressants cause Dependence?

A

No

174
Q

Are Anti-Depressants lethal when overdosed?

A

Tricyclics and MAOI’s are

175
Q

What are some types of anti-anxiety medications?

A

Benzodiazepines
Non-Benzos
Beta-Blockers

176
Q

What are some examples of Benzos?

A 
Xanax/Alprazolam
Klonopin/Clonazepam
Valium/Diazepam
Ativan/Lorazepam
Restoril/Temazepam
177
Q

What are some examples of Non-Benzo’s?

A

Buspar/Buspirone
Ambien/Zolpidem
Sonata/Zaleplon

178
Q

What type of drug is Inderal/Propanalol?

A

Beta-Blocker

179
Q

Type: Xanax

A

Benzo

180
Q

Type: Klonopin

A

Benzo

181
Q

Type: Valium

A

Benzo

182
Q

Type: Ativan

A

Benzo

183
Q

Type: Restoril

A

Benzo

184
Q

Type: Alprazolam

A

Benzo

185
Q

Type: Clonazepam

A

Benzo

186
Q

Type: Diazepam

A

Benzo

187
Q

Type: Lorazepam

A

Benzo

188
Q

Type: Temazepam

A

Benzo

189
Q

Type: Buspar

A

Non-Benzo

190
Q

Type: Buspirone

A

Non-Benzo

191
Q

Type: Ambien

A

Non-Benzo

192
Q

Type: Zolpidem

A

Non-Benzo

193
Q

Type: Sonata

A

Non-Benzo

194
Q

Type: Zaleplon

A

Non-Benzo

195
Q

Generic Name for Buspar

A

Buspirone

196
Q

Brand Name for Buspirone

A

Buspar

197
Q

Generic Name for Ambien

A

Zolpidem

198
Q

Brand Name for Zolpidem

A

Ambien

199
Q

Generic name for Sonata

A

Zaleplon

200
Q

Brand Name for Zaleplon

A

Sonata

201
Q

How might Anti-Anxiety medications disrupt sleep?

A

They can lead to reduced REM sleep

202
Q

What is the mechanism of action for anti-anxiety medications?

A

They are GABA agonists

203
Q

What are some side effects of anti-anxiety medication?

A 
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Problems with Coordination
Cognitive Impairments
Tolerance
Dependence
204
Q

Which class of medication is cross-tolerant with alcohol?

A

Benzos

205
Q

Do anti-anxiety medications cause withdrawal?

A

Yes. Withdrawal can be fatal

206
Q

Is overdose on anti-anxiety medications fatal?

A

Generally no, but can be if taken in conjunction with alcohol

207
Q

Anti-anxiety medications are contraindicated for whom?

A

People with a history of substance use disorders and older adults.

208
Q

What are some risks for older adults who take anti-anxiety medications?

A

Higher risk of falls, fractures, car accidents, and cognitive impairments.

209
Q

What are two types of mood stabilizers?

A

Lithium and Anti-Convulsants

210
Q

Type: Tegretol

A

Anti-Convulsant

211
Q

Type: Carbemazepine

A

Anti-Convulsant

212
Q

Type: Neurontin

A

Anti-Convulsant

213
Q

Type: Gabapentin

A

Anti-Convulsant

214
Q

Type: Depakote

A

Anti-Convulsant

215
Q

Type: Valproic Acid

A

Anti-Convulsant

216
Q

Generic Name for Tegretol

A

Carbemazepine

217
Q

Generic Name for Neurontin

A

Gabapentin

218
Q

Generic Name for Depakote

A

Valproic Acid

219
Q

Brand Name for Carbemazepine

A

Tegretol

220
Q

Brand Name for Gabapentin

A

Neurontin

221
Q

Brand Name for Valproic Acid

A

Depakote

222
Q

What are some side effects of Lithium?

A

Fine Hand Tremors
Excessive Thirst/Urination
Blood/Thyroid/Kidney Levels need to be Monitored
Lithium Toxicity

223
Q

What are some side effects of Anti-Convulsants?

A

Increased suicidality
Dizziness
Headaches

224
Q

Do Mood Stabilizers cause tolerance?

A

No

225
Q

Is withdrawal a concern for mood stabilizers?

A

No

226
Q

What are contraindications for mood stabilizers?

A

Pre-existing heart/kidney/thyroid disease

Pregnancy

227
Q

What are some examples of Stimulants?

A 
Ritalin/Methylphenidate
Adderall
Concerta/Methylphenidate
Dexedrine
Strattera (Atomoxetine)
228
Q

Type: Ritalin

A

Stimulant

229
Q

Type: Methylphenidate

A

Stimulant

230
Q

Type: Adderall

A

Stimulant

231
Q

Type: Concerta

A

Stimulant

232
Q

Type: Dexedrine

A

Stimulant

233
Q

Type: Strattera

A

SNRI

234
Q

Type: Atomoxetine

A

SNRI

235
Q

Generic name of Ritalin

A

Methylphenidate

236
Q

Generic Name of Concerta

A

Methylphenidate

237
Q

Generic Name of Strattera

A

Atomoxetine

238
Q

Brand Name of Atomoxetine

A

Strattera

239
Q

Brand Name of Methylphenidate

A

Ritalin

Concerta

240
Q

What is the mechanism of action for stimulants?

A

Increase dopamine and norepinephrine by blocking reuptake

241
Q

Although it’s an SNRI, Strattera is used to treat?

A

ADHD

242
Q

Do stimulants cause dependence?

A

Yes

243
Q

Do stimulants have withdrawal symptoms?

A

Yes

244
Q

Is overdose of stimulants lethal?

A

No

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