Interventions Flashcards
According to behaviorism, what causes problematic behaviors?
Problematic learned patterns
Classical Conditioning is best used to treat what conditions?
Phobias
Anxieties
Addictions
What is counterconditioning?
Based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition. 2 things that are incompatible cannot happen at the same time.
When is aversive conditioning used?
When trying to eliminate problematic behaviors such as addictions or fetishes
How effective is aversive conditioning?
Initially effective but has high rates of recidivism
What is the best treatment for specific phobias?
Flooding with Response Prevention
What is the theoretical basis for assertiveness training?
Counterconditioning
How would you begin therapy based on operant conditioning?
Conducting a functional assessment
What is a primary reinforcer?
This is something that reinforces everyone across cultures
What is a secondary reinforcer
Something that earns reinforcing value over time
What is a generalized reinforcer?
The reinforcer itself is not generally reinforcing, but gives us access to reinforcing items
What is shaping?
Successive approximations used to mold behavior
What is DRO?
DRO=Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
It’s a combination of operant extinction and positive reinforcement
You reward desirable behaviors while not responding to undesirable behaviors
What is the difference between avoidance learning and escape learning?
Avoidance learning allows a subject to avoid an aversive stimulus all together. Escape learning applies the aversive stimulus, but allows the participant to escape this stimulus.
What is overcorrection?
A form of punishment that forces the individual to correct not just what they’ve done, but beyond what they’ve done.
How did Wolfganag Kohler’s experiment challenge behaviorism?
His insight study with chimps demonstrated that the chimpanzees were able to develop new behaviors in the absence of any rewards or punishments.
Albert Ellis developed what therapy?
RET
Who developed RET?
Albert Ellis
How would a therapist practicing RET intervene with a patient.
Directly convincing patients they are being irrational
According to RET, what is the cause of mental health concerns?
Emotional Problems
What intervention would Beck be likely to use?
Empirical Hypothesis Testing or Socratic Questioning
What is the cognitive triad of depression (according to Beck)?
Negative view of self
Negative view of the world
Negative view of the future
Explain Michenbaum’s Self-Instructional Training
The therapist describes a task
The patient does the task while the therapist verbalizes it
The patient does the task and verbalizes it
The patient does the task independently
What is protocol analysis?
When an individual is asked to verbalize aloud how they are approaching a new problem or task
What is stress inoculation training?
Teaching patients how to deal with mild stressors before moving onto bigger stressors. Includes coping skills acquisition and practicing.
What is stress inoculation used to treat?
PTSD
How does relapse prevention view relapse?
As inevitable, so it treats patients skills to deal with it more effectively
What is the theory behind the self-control model of depression?
Depression results from negative self-evaluation, a lack of self-reinforcement and too much self-punishment
Marlat’s name is associated with?
A substance abuse model involving relapse prevention
Who viewed human nature as deterministic?
Freud
According to Freud, what is primary process?
Id functioning; the way of reducing one’s tension in an immediate way without considering reality (ex. dreams, hallucinations)
According to Freud, what is secondary process?
Ego functioning; the ability to think, speak, and meet the demands of reality
When are defense mechanisms used?
When the id impulses become too strong and begin moving into consciousness
What are the defense mechanisms?
Repression Regression Projection Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Rationalization Sublimation
What is repression?
The most basic defense mechanism, it pushes out of consciousness that which feels forbidden
What is regression?
Regressing to an earlier stage of development
What is projection?
When you see in others what you actually feel
What defense mechanism is most highly related to paranoia?
Projection
What is displacement?
The transfer of emotions for one object to another
Phobias are most highly related to which defense mechanism?
Displacement
What is reaction formation?
Engaging in behaviors exactly the opposite of what we are feeling
What is intellectualization?
Distancing oneself from one’s feelings
What is rationalization?
coming up with explanations for why you did something
What is sublimation?
Redirecting id urges to socially acceptable behaviors
What are alloplastic defenses?
Focuses on changing or blaming the environment (common in personality disorders)
What are autoplastic defenses?
Blaming oneself
What is the purpose of psychoanalytic treatment?
Making the unconscious, conscious
What are some techniques used in psychoanalytic treatment?
Free Association
Analyzing Dreams
Transference
Countertransference
What did Hartmann add to psychoanalysis?
The belief that the ego is not just about defenses, but is also able to perceive, learn, and understand. People are driven by passions as well as thinking.
What are epigenetic sequences?
Everything is stage related and each stage builds on mastery of the previous stage
What is the emphasis in object relations theory?
Interpersonal Relationships
What is object constancy?
the experience of the other in an integrated way (both good and bad parts)
What is splitting?
When we do not see others in an integrated way
According to Winnicott, what causes psychopathology?
Abandoning the true self and adopting a false self
What is the focus in therapy according to self psychologists?
Empathic Attunement
How did the neo-Freudians differ from Freud?
They emphasized social and cultural factors in shaping personality
Who are some notable neo-Freudians?
Sullivan, Horney, Fromm
Who developed Individual Psychology?
Alfred Adler
According to Adler, what is the drive of the first 6 years of life?
Social Urges and Needs
According to Adler, what causes psychological well-being?
The ability to connect socially
Adler believed all children experienced what?
Feelings of inferiority
Adlerian therapy focuses on what?
Present and future-focuses with lots of encouragement
What is the teleological view?
What we anticipate of the future affects our functioning and behavior (as opposed to the past shaping our behavior
Who developed Analytical Psychology?
Jung
What was Jung’s view of the unconscious?
He believed we had both a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious
What are archetypes?
Part of the collective unconscious, these are things we carry that are there from the beginning of time
What are Jung’s Archetypes?
Persona-mask
Shadow-hidden aspect of self
Anima-female
Animus-male
According to Jung, what causes neurosis?
Neurosis is the attempt to free ourselves from the interference of archetypes, which occurs on the way to individuation
What is the focus of Analytical Psychology?
Helping patients become more aware of what is in their unconscious; particularly the symbolic meaning of dreams, myths, and folklore
What is transference according to Jung?
A projection of both the personal and collective unconscious
What do humanistic psychologists believe about people?
We are all moving in a direction of self-actualization
What do existential psychologists believe about the world?
The world inherently lacks meaning and individuals are working to find meaning for themselves
What are Rogers’ 3 therapeutic interventions?
Empathy
Warmth
Genuineness
What is the goal of Gestalt Therapy?
Becoming more aware of the whole personality and re-owning those disowned pieces
Overall goal is to be able to communicate and have contact with yourself as well as others
What are the boundary disturbances in Gestalt Therapy?
Introjection Projection Retroflection Deflection Confluence
What is Introjection?
Taking in information without examining it critically
What is Projection (Gestalt)?
Putting our feelings onto others
What is Retroflection?
Turning onto yourself what you’d like to do to others
What is Deflection?
Distancing yourself from your feelings
What is confluence?
Lack of awareness of how you and someone else are two different people
What are some interventions in Gestalt Therapy?
Empty Chair Technique
Dream Analysis
Challenging Transference
Discouraging Questions
What is the goal of Reality Therapy?
Help people clarify their values and look to see if their behavior is matching with their values
Who is associated with Reality Therapy?
Glasser
What type of therapy is Eric Berne associated with?
Transactional Analysis
What is transactional analysis?
Focusing on analyzing verbal interchanges and becoming more aware of the intent behind what is said
What are the 3 types of transaction in transactional therapy?
Complementary
Cross-Transaction
Ulterior (Games)
What is complementary transaction?
When ego states are communicating on appropriate levels?
What are the ego states in Transactional Therapy?
Parent
Adult
Child
What is a cross-transaction?
When the ego states are talking and responding on different levels
What are ulterior transactions (games)?
Two communication levels occurring simultaneously
What is a life script?
How we develop ways of behaving and interacting with others based on how we were brought up
How can hypnosis can be used for memory recollection?
Individuals under hypnosis are able to remember more. However, they are also more likely to report false memories than true ones, because they construct false memories to fill in gaps
Biofeedback is based on what principle of learning?
Operant Conditioning
Biofeedback targets which part of the ANS?
Sympathetic Branch
What are the keys of feminist therapy?
The focus is on client independence and autonomy. The key belief of this theory is that sexism is the underlying cause of most women’s problems. Feminist therapists are advocates of sociopolitical change
What is the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change?
This is the Stages of Change theory
Prochaska is known for developing what?
The Stages of Change
What are the stages of change?
Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance
What are the Big 5 Factors?
Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Which Big 5 Factor is most strongly linked to job success?
Conscientiousness
What is the main focus in Systems Theory Family Therapies?
Homeostasis of the family unit
What is the main focus of cybernetic family therapies?
Positive and Negative feedback loops
What is a positive feedback loop?
Something that increases change in the system
What is a negative feedback loop?
Something that maintains homeostasis
What is marital schism?
Discord in the marriage
What is marital skew?
When thingk are heavily weighted towards one person or the other, so one person’s needs get met at the expense of another
What is the focus of Object Relations Family Therapy?
Focus is on the transferences and projections within the family. We project onto others what we don’t want to see in ourselves.
Who developed structural family therapy?
Salvador Minuchin
What is the primary focus of structural family therapy?
The focus is on the boundaries between individuals at different levels of the family hierarchy
According to Structural Family Therapy, rigid boundaries lead to _____________?
Disengagement
According to Structural Family Therapy, loose boundaries lead to ________________?
Enmeshment
What is triangulation?
When a child gets stuck between two parents and is pulled in two different directions?
What is detouring?
Instead of being direct, marital issues are routed through the child. This often manifests as parents bringing a “child’s” problem into therapy to avoid focusing on their own problem(s).
What is a stable coalition?
One parent uniting with the child against the other parent
What is the goal of Structural Family Therapy?
To unbalance and reorganize the family
How does the therapist conduct Structural Family Therapy?
Initially the therapist joins with the family. They then take the role of expert.
Who developed Strategic Family Therapy?
Haley
What is Strategic Family Therapy?
A combination of the structural approach and the communications approach. It looks at problems in the hierarchy and triangles across the hierarchy. It views the presented symptom as a form of communication within the family.
Who developed Communications Family Therapy?
Virginia Satir
What is a primary belief of communications family therapy?
Pathology is formed by faulty communication within the family system
What is the double bind theory of Schizophrenia?
The belief that schizophrenia develops because a parent (usually the mother) continues putting children in double-binds
The double bind theory of Schizophrenia developed out of which family therapy theory?
Communications family therapy
Which family therapy theory would recommend using paradoxical interventions?
Communications Family Therapy
What is circular questioning?
It’s a technique use to gather information about the family, while simultaneously giving them information about themselves. The goal is to make the family more aware of situations where someone is dominating.
Prescription of rituals would happen within which family therapy theory?
Systemic Family Therapy
What is the key goal in Bowenian Family Systems Therapy?
Differentiation
The belief that family pathology is transmitted between generations comes out of which family therapy theory?
Bowenian Family Systems Therapy
What are emotional triangles?
When two close individuals exclude a third person
Which family therapy theory is most likely to use genograms?
Bowenian Family Systems Therapy
What is the primary idea behind solution focused family therapy?
We have expectations of one another and ourselves and those expectations are powerful.
What are some factors that may suggest an individual is not appropriate for group therapy?
Antisocial PD Significant Brain Damage Somatization Substance Use Psychosis
Who is most likely to drop out of group therapy?
Low SES
Unlikeable
Highly mentally ill
What strengthens a therapeutic group?
Homogeneity
Homogeneity of ego strength
Confidentiality
What is the goal of crisis intervention?
Resolve the crisis as soon as possible, return the person to previous functioning, and prevent the exacerbation of future symptoms
What are the four types of consultation?
Client Centered Case Consultation
Consultee Centered Case Consultation
Consultee Centered Administrative Consultation
Program Centered Administrative Consultation
What is Case Consultation?
Clinically Oriented consultation
What is Administrative Consultation?
Addresses administrative or programmatic issues
What is client centered case consultation?
Helping the individual with one specific client
What is consultee centered case consultation?
Helping the consultee with a specific group of clients
What is consultee centered administrative consultation?
When you’re having problems with a group of consultees (tardiness, absenteesism, program implementation)
What is program centered administrative consultation?
Focuses on modifying programming
What is primary prevention?
Preventing the onset of something happening?
What is secondary prevention?
The problem has happened, but you’re trying to catch it early and intervene so it doesn’t become chronic
What is tertiary prevention?
Tries to minimize the consequences of chronic problems
What is expressive abuse?
When an individual becomes abusive due to uncontrollable emotions
What is instrumental abuse?
When abuse is used to control another person
What did Esynck find in regards to therapy outcomes?
2/3 if all people improve regardless of whether they receive treatment. People who are treated actually do worse.
What is believed to be the spontaneous mental health improvement rate?
40%
What is the average effect size of therapy?
.85
By the 8th session, what percentage of therapy clients are significantly improved?
50%
After 6 months of therapy, how many clients are greatly improved?
75%
What is efficacy research?
Tight experimental controls of empirically validated treatments
What is effectiveness research?
examine overall effectiveness of a variety of different treatment approaches in more real-world scenarios
What were the findings of the consumer reports study of psychotherapy outcomes?
90% of patient showed improvement. Long-term treatment patients had better outcomes. No modality overall had better outcomes.
What are the most important factors for determining treatment effectiveness?
Client factors
Who is most likely to drop out of treatment early?
Low SES
Low Education
What are the most influential therapist variables?
Trustworthiness
Attractiveness
Perception of Expertness
Therapeutic Relationship
What is quality assurance?
Focuses on program availability or accessibility, adequacy, and appropriateness
What is utilization review?
Focuses on the conservation of resources in therapeutic offerings
